Ergot Essay examples -- Botany

Ergot Ergot (Claviceps purpurea Tul.) is a poisonous fungus that is hazardous to animals and humans. It appears to be a small, hard, black, elongated structure that grows on and contaminants grains, which is called scelrotium. The appearance tends to look like mold. When eaten in quantity or small amounts over a period of time it can be highly toxic. Furthermore, it is a major problem for humans in North America but even more severe for animals. Humans are susceptible to being contaminated with this poisonous fungus because ergot can grow on mushrooms, rye, wheat, and barley. These are products that humans ingest everyday. Ergot is the most notorious poison because it includes several species of ascomycete fungi with complex life cycles that parasitize the grains of various cultivated and wild grasses. Therefore, it is necessary to check for ergot contamination, especially if they are home-grown grains. The epidemic or spreading phase of the ergot fungus occurs at the same time the grasses are in flower. Fungal spores infect the ovaries of the mature flower of the host plant. These develop mycelia (fine threadlike filaments). At this initial infection an excretion of honeydew (moist, sticky secretion) stage, develops and the mycelia continue to grow within the ovaries of the host and become sclerotia (fruiting bodies). A sclerotium appears as a cylindrical, three sided body, slightly curved, hornlike, hard, grooved on one or both sides, dark purple next to black that is 1/3 to 1 1/2 inches long and 1/8 to 1/4 inches wide. There is a very unpleasant aroma (odor), which is somewhat fishy. The developed sclerotia finally falls to the ground to germinate in the summer at once or may wait until after the winter and germinate the ... ...y resulting in poisoning of animals by plants, in this instance has the opposite effect. It allows pasture grasses to develop an inflorescence and become potentially dangerous (86-87). REFERENCES Fuller, Thomas, and Elizabeth McClintock (1986). Poisonous Plants of California. Berkley, LA: University of California Press. p. 15-20. Kingsbury, John M. (1964a). Poisonous plants of the United Canada States and. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 79-86. Kingsbury, John M. (1968b). Harvest. New York, Chicago, San Francisco: Holt Rinehart and Winston. P. 34-37. Morton, Julia F.D.Sc. (1977). Major Medicinal Plants Botany, Culture, and Uses. USA, Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. P. 4-9. Szezawinski, Adam PhD, and Nancy J. Turner. (1991). Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms of North America. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 64-66. Ergot Essay examples -- Botany Ergot Ergot (Claviceps purpurea Tul.) is a poisonous fungus that is hazardous to animals and humans. It appears to be a small, hard, black, elongated structure that grows on and contaminants grains, which is called scelrotium. The appearance tends to look like mold. When eaten in quantity or small amounts over a period of time it can be highly toxic. Furthermore, it is a major problem for humans in North America but even more severe for animals. Humans are susceptible to being contaminated with this poisonous fungus because ergot can grow on mushrooms, rye, wheat, and barley. These are products that humans ingest everyday. Ergot is the most notorious poison because it includes several species of ascomycete fungi with complex life cycles that parasitize the grains of various cultivated and wild grasses. Therefore, it is necessary to check for ergot contamination, especially if they are home-grown grains. The epidemic or spreading phase of the ergot fungus occurs at the same time the grasses are in flower. Fungal spores infect the ovaries of the mature flower of the host plant. These develop mycelia (fine threadlike filaments). At this initial infection an excretion of honeydew (moist, sticky secretion) stage, develops and the mycelia continue to grow within the ovaries of the host and become sclerotia (fruiting bodies). A sclerotium appears as a cylindrical, three sided body, slightly curved, hornlike, hard, grooved on one or both sides, dark purple next to black that is 1/3 to 1 1/2 inches long and 1/8 to 1/4 inches wide. There is a very unpleasant aroma (odor), which is somewhat fishy. The developed sclerotia finally falls to the ground to germinate in the summer at once or may wait until after the winter and germinate the ... ...y resulting in poisoning of animals by plants, in this instance has the opposite effect. It allows pasture grasses to develop an inflorescence and become potentially dangerous (86-87). REFERENCES Fuller, Thomas, and Elizabeth McClintock (1986). Poisonous Plants of California. Berkley, LA: University of California Press. p. 15-20. Kingsbury, John M. (1964a). Poisonous plants of the United Canada States and. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 79-86. Kingsbury, John M. (1968b). Harvest. New York, Chicago, San Francisco: Holt Rinehart and Winston. P. 34-37. Morton, Julia F.D.Sc. (1977). Major Medicinal Plants Botany, Culture, and Uses. USA, Springfield: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. P. 4-9. Szezawinski, Adam PhD, and Nancy J. Turner. (1991). Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms of North America. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 64-66.

Globalization Problem Essay

Introduction Globalization has practically changed societies all over the world. It has paved the way for the so called â€Å"borderless economy†. With the advent of the Internet, the role of information has dramatically changed the way people live and do business. As Naval points out in her paper, an immense reduction of time and space barriers among great nations is made possible through interconnectivity. She illustrated that such interconnections result to global transactions being done in the comfort zones of one’s home. This characteristic of the Information Age provides for accessibility to vast reservoirs of knowledge, which is power. 1 It is for this reason that all nations all over the world are adopting ICT-based solutions to address their information needs in this modern era of knowledge explosion. In the Philippines, the government anticipated the importance of Information Technology (IT) as early as the Ramos administration. Ramos in his speech at the First Information Technology and Telecommunications Education Congress outlined the National Information Technology Plan (NITP) of the government. He stressed that IT must be applied to the education sector as a means for national strengthening.2 In 1997, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) reported that the General Appropriations Act of the previous year provided some funds for the CHED-SUCs computerization program. Chairman Angel C. Alcala stated that majority of the fund was used to upgrade the computer capabilities of state-funded institutions. The biggest threat pointed out in the CHED computerization program was the readiness of the people in the educational institutions in the form of computer literacy to cope with the said technological changes. 3 Similarly, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) engaged in its own computerization program. Undersecretary Alejandro W.D. Clemente described the computerization project as two main thrusts, which are (1) improvement of learning/teaching environment and (2) management of education. While improvement of learning/teaching environment mainly involves direct use of IT tools in the classroom such as multimedia, computer-based training, etc., Clemente stressed that management of education through IT centers on three groups. These groups consist of support staff using application programs such as wordprocessors, spreadsheets and the like for processing. The second group is for the number crunching processing such as accounting, budgeting and others. Finally, the third group affected by IT in educational management is in the area of databanking. Storing of voluminous records such as student scholastic records may be kept and retrieved using computer technology. 4 In addition to government efforts, Malacaà ±ang has issued on July 12, 2000, under the Estrada administration, Executive Order No. 265, â€Å"An act approving and adopting the government information systems plan (GISP) as framework and guide for all computerization efforts in the government.† The order aims to provide a wide-ranging set of reforms to enhance government efficiency and effectiveness in its operations and delivery of basic services to the public. Furthermore, the executive order requires all government units to align their respective computerization projects to the thrusts of E.O. 265, also known as the Philippine Government Online. 5 In the light of these ICT undertakings at the national level, most specially in the education sector, former PUP President, Dr. Ofelia M. Carague was inspired to embark on a university-wide computerization project to address the information needs of the university, as embodied in the PUP Information Systems Strategic Plan (ISSP). The ISSP, in general, aims to address the mission-critical areas of the five sectors of the university, namely: Administration, Finance, Student Services, Academic Affairs and Research and Development. Different systems were lined-up for the different sectors of the university, such as, Admission System (AS), Enrolment System (ES), Student Grades Monitoring Systems (SGMS), etc. under the Student Services sector.6 Despite the massive computerization program of PUP during the early part of the Carague administration, the PUP Laboratory High School department was not included in the initial list of offices to be computerized, mainly due to the limited student population. This view was somehow overturned by a fire incident which threatened to destroy the archived student records in the possession of the high school registrar. This was cited by PUP LHS in its appeal to be included in the computerization project. The Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School has been in existence for more than half a century since its inception in 1954. Throughout its existence it has adopted several information systems, both manual and automated, to facilitate in its day-to-day operations. Recently, the high school department engaged in an upgrading of its Student Information Systems (SIS). The semi-automated operations were replaced with a fully automated system known as Laboratory High School Student Information System (LabHiSIS). LabHiSIS is composed to two subsystems, namely: (1) Enrolment System (ES) and (2) Student Grades Monitoring System (SGMS). This transition from a semi-automated to a fully automated system entails a lot of adjustments on the part of LHS students, faculty members and non-teaching personnel. Thus, the researcher aims to assess the implementation of the said subsystems of LabHiSIS in order to understand the efficacy of the said system implementation, using as basis common good qualities of information, which an efficient or effective information system must provide. The study shall likewise identify the pr oblems encountered during the system implementations. Background of the Study The Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School (PUPLHS) located in the main campus at Sta. Mesa, Manila is the only surviving high school unit of PUP. Previously, there were high school department in other PUP branches like PUP Bataan and Lopez branches. There were some motions in the past to close the department, but it was vigorously opposed to by certain sectors of the university citing that PUP LHS is an integral department of the College of Office Administration and Business Teacher Education (COABTE). The latter was founded in 1904 formerly starting as the College of Business Teacher Education while the former was established in 1954 to pioneer a unique commercial curriculum. The curriculum’s defining attributes are the subjects on distributive arts, which consist of Stenography, Bookkeeping and Salesmanship, viewed as a tool to make the students more equipped for early employment. The students are required to take one of these as a major in junior and senior year. The curriculum has remained very much intact for the past fifty years with very minimal modifications, like the inclusion of computer subjects. Though COABTE acts as the mother unit of the high school department, certain autonomy in the management of PUP LHS is given to its administrators. For instance, the LHS Registrar is not bound to adhere to procedures implemented by the university registrar to the colleges. In addition, since it is under the university system, the high school department also enjoys a similar type of independence from DepEd control. The PUPLHS enrolment process employs a typical manual enrolment process. Despite of this nature, the LHS administration is able to manage the enrolment due to the small student population. The enrolment starts with the filling up of registration forms at designated enrolment centers. Prior to this initial step, old students must be cleared of any accountability during the previous school year. Next, the student pays Student Council fees along with other organizational fees. The third step is the assessment of fees which is manually computed by the teachers themselves. After which, the students must pay the amount at the Cashier’s Office located at the main building. Finally, the student has to proceed to the LHS Registrar’s Office for the validation of registration certificate.7 This concludes the manual high school enrolment process, which is less complicated as compared to the college enrolment. Common problems under this situation arise from long queues of students waiting to be processed up to incorrect assessment of matriculation and other fees. The grades of the students like most secondary level institutions are likewise computed manually. The process starts with the posting of grades in the summary sheet which is done on a quarterly basis by the teachers. Each section has one summary sheet to which all subject teachers input the grades of students bel onging to the section. The posting of non-academic marks like attendance, conduct and homeroom are also posted on the summary sheet by the section advisers every quarter. Another type of quarterly report being prepared by the teachers is the report cards of the students. On the fourth quarter of the school calendar, the teachers must compute the subject averages and post it on the summary sheet to determine those who passed and failed from among the students. This is very crucial in the deliberation process of PUP LHS faculty members so that they are guided as to whom are the candidates for kick out or transfer. In addition, the advisers are responsible for the computation of the general weighted average and the posting of academic and non-academic marks on the report card of all the students under his advisory. Next, the teacher encodes the grades of the students to the Student Permanent Record form of the LHS Registrar’s office, which serves as the official scholastic record of the student. Finally, the teachers must prepare their grade sheets to be submitted to the LHS principal. The registrar, on one hand, is responsible of producing the Transcript of Records (TOR) of both graduates and students for college application purposes. At this stage, the student grades are encoded to the computer for the very first time. This summarizes the complex and tedious manual process of grades processing in PUP LHS.8 The manual systems in PUP LHS suffer from a lot redundancies. In their manual processing of student grades the only instance where the grades of the students are made in digital form is when the Registrar encodes the grades for the Transcript of Records (TOR) preparation. The rest of the processing stages consist of manual posting of grades unto different reports. When the appeal of PUP LHS to be included in the computerization project was approved by the Office of the Vice President for Finance, the PUP Information Linkage Systems (PUPILS) was tasked to assist the high school department in its request. The initial agreement was to customize the Integrated Student Information System (iSIS) of the college for the high school unit, but due to some differences in business logic the developers decided to create a system from scratch instead. Development started in April 2002 and the developers employed a Rapid Application Development (RAD) strategy in developing its first component – the Enrolment System (LabHiSIS-ES). The LabHiSIS package is composed of the following subsystems, namely: âž ¢ Enrolment System (LabHiSIS-ES) – a system which handles the registration needs of the students during enrolment periods. âž ¢ Student Grades Monitoring System (LabHiSIS-GMS) – a system which monitors the accumulating grades of student s. In a short period of barely two months, the PUPILS LabHiSIS development team prepared a fully functional stand-alone enrolment system. It was implemented in May 27-30, 2002 to all year levels of PUP LHS. LabHiSIS used a pre-printed implementation strategy. In this strategy, the registration certificates of the high school students were printed in advance. This facilitated the simple distribution of registration certificates to the enrollees during the enrolment proper, which were done by the enrolling advisers. After two years of implementing the Enrolment System in the department, the development team started with the development of the second subsystem. The first implementation of the Student Grades Monitoring System was implemented in SY 2003-2004. Throughout the entire development phase of the LabHiSIS systems, the system developers were guided by the following system objectives which they envision to be accomplished by the systems once operational. The LabHiSIS-Enrolment System’s objective is to automate the enrolment processing by generating a pre-assessed and a filled-up registration certificate. It shall also assist with some pre and post admission processing like the generation of unique student number. With the system, the faculty members of PUP LHS would no longer have to manually assess the matriculation and fees of the students. Though it is still not connected online to the university’s Cashiering system, the developers believe that this automation would provide a significant improvement to the LHS enrolment processes and, at the same time, introduce computerization to the PUP LHS community thereby preparing them for the second LabHiSIS module – Student Grades Monitoring System. The development of the more complicated Student Grades Monitoring System followed a multifaceted set of objectives. The objectives are as follows: 1. The Student Grades Monitoring System must automate the entire grades processing of PUP LHS from the time of its initial posting up to the generation of student Transcript of Records (TOR) for the department’s graduates. 2. SGMS shall produce highly accurate reports, namely: Temporary Quarterly Report Cards, Final Report Cards, Quarterly Summary Sheets, Student Permanent Records, Grade Sheets and Transcript of Records. 3. The system shall uphold confidentiality of student grades, thus, preventing unauthorized access to certain subject matters. The teachers will be limited to the subject assigned to them. 4. The system shall promote a high standard of grade integrity and eliminate the repetitive manual posting/inputting of grades into different kinds of reports. It shall centralize the printing of reports which is the sole responsibility of the system administrators. The administrators, though with access rights to view the grades, have no access rights to modify any of the grade entries. The faculty members are, thus, assured that the grades they have entered are the same grades to appear regardless of the report type. With this scheme, discrepancies will be avoided and the faculty would only have to input the grades once. Theoretical Framework In this study, the theory of Prof. Karl Weick, from the University of Michigan, known as Information Systems Theory was used as one of the basis for the study. The theory primarily states that â€Å"An organization should connect with information processing. Information is the key item that all organizations must possess.† 9 According to Sweeney, the theory of Karl Weick can be tested for practical utility. This means that, â€Å"The more effective communication is, the more effective the organization will be, and as a result it [organization] will be more successful.†10 The theory when properly applied to an organization can increase business control which is one of the fundamental functions of management. Efforts, however, to improve organizational performance do not instantaneously arrive as a result of having computer-based information systems. Prof. N. Kano, in his Theory on Customer Satisfaction, identified several categories of quality attributes which influence customer satisfaction. He discussed the importance of Basic, Excitement and Performance Factors as the three attributes directly involved with client satisfaction. He stated that basic factors present the minimum requirements in any product which will cause dissatisfaction if not fulfilled but do not cause customer satisfaction when fulfilled. Excitement factors tend to cause customer satisfaction whenever fulfilled but do not promote dissatisfaction if absent. Performance factors causes satisfaction if the performance is high†¦they cause dissatisfaction if the performance is low. 11 Though this theory mentions of characteristics applicable to a product, it must be noted that software is considered a product. 12 In order to guarantee customer satisfaction the product must be carefully evaluated thoroughly. The Evaluation Theory according to Prof. Mel Mark, from the Pennyslvania State University, as one of its many application provides the important key whether or not to implement a new program. In his article Evaluation Theory and What are Evaluation Methods For?, he mentioned that evaluation theory acts as a performance measurement system that can identify problem areas and provide a feedback mechanism regarding the apparent consequences of a certain decision. 13 Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework employs the Systems Approach technique. It begins with the Input Box, which represents factors that must exist before the study can take place or a phenomenon can be investigated. In this study, the inputs are the respondents of the study and the LabHiSIS-Enrolment System and LabHiSIS-Student Grades Monitoring System. The second box is the Process box. It contains all the procedures taken in the study. In the study, the process begins with data gathering through a survey questionnaire. Other information was also derived from informal interview. After data tabulation the next step was the application of a correct statistical tool. Finally, analysis and interpretation was made on the basis of the statistical results. The third box is the Output box. It shows the findings of the study regarding the efficacy of the systems. Likewise, it also aims to identify the problems encountered in the systems implementation. A return or feedback arrow signifies the repetitive and continuous nature of the process. After the findings have been concluded a new set of problems may arise which requires another inquiry or investigation. Statement of the Problem The study assessed the effectiveness of the Laboratory High School Student Information Systems, particularly its two subsystems; Enrolment System and Student Grades Monitoring System. Similarly, it aims to answer the following specific questions: To what extent do the respondents rate the effectiveness of the LabHiSIS-Enrolment System in terms of the following software quality attributes: 1. Accuracy; 2. Completeness; 3. Timeliness; 4. Reliability; 5. Security 6. User-Friendliness? To what extent do the respondents’ rate the effectiveness of the LabHiSIS-Student Grade Monitoring System in terms of the given software quality attributes: 1. What are the problems encountered in the implementation of LabHiSIS, specifically its two subsystems – Enrolment System and Student Grades Monitoring System? Significance of the Study Change is not an easy thing to embrace. It is the very nature of man to resist change. This resistance is commonly due to the fear of the unknown. Information Technology, as a catalyst of change, is a major fear factor for many institutions and individuals. Thus, this study aims to assess the LabHiSIS implementations made to PUPLHS. The main goal of the study is to identify the efficacy rating of the LabHiSIS system implementations. Findings of the study are expected to contribute to the further refinement of the system and its future implementations. The study, upon its completion, will benefit the following stakeholders of the university, namely: The University Officials/Administrators. Implementation problems identified in this study can help top management arrive at sound decisions regarding budget allocations, policy formulation, etc. The Academic and Administrative Employees of PUP LHS. Through this research the employees would be able to express their comments regarding the system so that positive changes can be taken into consideration by the developers as a result of the system assessment. The Systems Developers. The developers of the system would greatly benefit from this research mainly because the users response to the questionnaire would serve as a gauge in measuring the system performance. The weak points identified in the study can become the focus of their corrective maintenance of the system. The Future Researchers. This research can serve as a model for other studies on system implementations that other researchers might want to investigate. It is important to note that through research the precious feedback coming from the beneficiaries or system users could be obtained. In this case, the beneficiaries of the LabHiSIS systems are the students while the users are the academic and the non-teaching personnel. The Students. The last beneficiary of the system study is the students of PUP LHS. They would benefit from the improved service brought about by refinements in the system which is in turn a result of the problem identification and performance appraisal found in this study. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study is concerned with the system implementation of the LabHiSIS computerized Enrolment System and Student Grades Monitoring System to PUP Laboratory High School in school year 2004-2005. It includes all the following enrolment and grades processing activities: (1) Academic Subject Enrolment and Assessment of Matriculation and Fees; (2) Posting of Academic Grades and Non-Academic Marks and (3) Generation of Periodic and Demand Reports. In addition, the study includes the system stakeholders, namely, faculty members, non-teaching personnel and students of PUP LHS. The study is however limited to 2nd year up to 4th year students only as the first year students, in June 2005, still have no knowledge and complete experience with the two LabHiSIS subsystems. Definition of Terms The following terminologies were used as operationally defined in this study: Accuracy of information simply means that the information system is error free. Administrator is in-charge of the system security for both subsystems. As such he has access to all utilities menu commands. Completeness of the information means that all needed details are incorporated in a report or output produced by an information system. Effectiveness refers to the satisfactory performance or rating of the system based on software quality factors such as Accuracy, Completeness, Timeliness, Reliability, Security and User-Friendliness. End-users are members of the faculty and non-teaching staff of the PUP Laboratory High School who directly interact or use the computer-based information system. LabHiSIS refers to the Laboratory High School Student Information System, a computer-based information system designed to automate the enrolment and grades preparation process of PUP Laboratory High School. The system is composed of two subsystems, namely the Enrolment System and the Student Grades Monitoring System. Reliability is an information characteristic which means that the output or report produced by an information system can be depended upon by its users despite changes in the environment which may affect the system. Security refers to the ability of the system to limit accessibility of the users thus safeguarding confidential or restricted records from any form of unlawful access. Source documents, as used in this paper, pertain to the Summary Sheets from which all academic and non-academic marks of the students are initially posted by the subject teachers from their respective class records. The summary sheet is used for reference by the faculty members during the encoding of grades to SGMS. Timeliness of information is about the prompt release or issuance of a needed detail or report whenever it is needed. User Friendliness pertains to the characteristic of the information system to be easily understood by the users. Figure 1 – Paradigm of the Study FEEDBACK OUTPUT PROCESS INPUT Assessed Laboratory High School Student Information Systems (LabHiSIS): – Enrolment System (ES) – Student Grades Monitoring System (SGMS) Solutions to the Problems Encountered in the implementation of the systems. Assessment of the Laboratory High School Student Information System (LabHiSIS) Subsystems: – Enrolment System (ES), and – Student Grades Monitoring System (SGMS). Identification of the problems encountered during the systems implementation 1Naval, Victoria C., â€Å"Rethinking Prospects and Challenges of Globalization in Education†, The Mabini Review, Vol. 1. 2001 11Kano, N., â€Å"Customer Satisfaction Model†, http://www.12manage.com/methods_ kano_customer_satisfaction_model.html, 1984. 12Sommerville, Ian A., Software Engineering, 4th Edition, Addison – Wesley Longman Inc., 1995) pp. 5. 13Mark, Mel, â€Å"Evaluation Theory or What are Evaluation Methods For?†, http://www.gse.harvard.edu/hfrp/eval/issue30/theory.html 9Dudas, Marion, â€Å"Applying the Information Systems Theory to a True Situation†, http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~md413097/is.htm, 2000. 10Sweeney, Matt C., â€Å"Information Systems Critique† http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/ ~ms101996/is.htm 8Gonzales, Jaime Y., interview held during system development start-up, Registrar’s Office, April 2002 7Gonzales, Jaime Y., PUP Laboratory High School Enrolment Procedures, 2004 6Escober, Rosicar E., PUP Information Systems Strategic Plan, College of Computer Studies, Graduate School, Dela Salle University, Manila, 1999. 2. 4Clemente, Alejandro W.D., â€Å"Use of Multi-media in DECS†, IT Education in the Philippines: Preparing for the 21st Century, pp.29-34, February 1997. 5Estrada, Joseph Ejercito, Executive Order 256, Malacaà ±ang Palace, Manila, http://www.neda.gov.ph/ads/gisp/default.htm, 2000. Laboratory High School Student Information Systems (LabHiSIS): Enrolment System (ES), and Student Grades Monitoring System (SGMS). Problems encountered in the systems implementation 2Ramos, Fidel V., â€Å"Taking the Future in our Hands†, speech delivered in the First Information Technology and Telecommunications Education Congress, Dusit Hotel Nikko Manila, February 1997. 3Alcala, Angel C., â€Å"The CHED Computerization Program: Goals, Policies and Projects†, IT Education in the Philippines: Preparing for the 21st Century, pp.25-28, February 1997.

Unit 14 Childcare Grade B - 6300 Words

E1/E2/E3. The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way society looks upon things, rather than by a person’s impairment or difference. It looks at ways how removing barriers that restrict life choices for people with a disability. When barriers are removed, people with disabilities can be independent and equal in society, with choice and control over their own lives. The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way society is organised. The medical model of disability says people are disabled by their impairments or differences. Under the medical model, these impairments or differences should be fixed or changed by medical and other treatments, even when the impairment or difference does†¦show more content†¦The report created turning point to public and professional opinion, saying parents of disabled children had vital information about their offspring that must be incorporated and used in the assessment, placement and educational process. School Age: In mainstream schools special needs are dealt with by a SENCO (special educational needs co-ordinator). They will manage all individual children with special needs, regardless of needs, age or class. If a child has special needs this must be assessed by an ‘Educational Psychologist’ who will decide the childs needs and identify them if not already discovered. If needs are considered to need extra serious time to ease the education of the child, then a ‘Statement of Educational Needs’ will be gathered. From this the essential extra hours of a small group or 1:1 work will be decided and applied correctly to build towards targets to improve the childs coping ability in school. Every year a review will take place and this will include you and teachers (incl. SENCO) and may also include; social workers, speech therapists, people from parent support programmes (which the SENCO can recommend you). Everyone decides how the child is coping. If the child i s not coping the school they can then seek help from an outreach service from a local special school or support group. If the child still doesn’t cope they may consider placement at a special school.Show MoreRelatedNursing Scholarship Essay2290 Words   |  10 PagesThree Healthy, Calorie-Free Reasons to Select Me Little did I know at the time, my first experience with nursing occurred when I learned to count calories in the sixth grade. It was a slightly misguided attempt to maximize my health. 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In low-income families, these changes come with greater frequency due to employment and housing instability† (Dodson, 2013). The schedules of low wage jobs disrupt family routines and childcare hours (Dodson Bravo, 2005). â€Å"Low-wage hourly workers have the least access to sick and vacation time† (Heymann, 2001)Read MoreA Healthy Balance Of Discipline2252 Words   |  10 Pagescommon examples of psychology issues. Child abuse can originate through different methods some of which may include, sexual, emotional, psychological, etc. Food is somewhat known to â€Å"numb† pain. When parents are workaholics, they have an absence in childcare, which can lead to neglect. Kids turn to food because they feel bareness within. A healthy balance of discipline is a positive support system for children. A child adapts in rebelling at an early age through food, and this is a normal part of theirRead MoreEconomics - Tutorial Answers26233 Words   |  105 Pagescost of the decision is a lower grade on the exam. b) When a student running late for class parks his or her car illegally, the student trades off saving time for the risk of a fine. The potential opportunity cost of the decision is the goods and services that cannot be purchased if the student receives the fine. c) A student trades off higher income by taking a part-time job for less leisure time and study time. The opportunity cost is less leisure and lower grades. Review Question 2 (pp. 12) ProvideRead MoreCommunity Health And Population Focused Nursing Practicum Jean Sherrill Wgu Essay6366 Words   |  26 Pages(Office of Disease Preventio n and Health Promotion, 2015 (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2015). Homes built prior to the year of 1960, contain heavily leaded paint. Overall, the county has 32.92% of the housing units built from 1960-1979. Rental housing units, in the county affected by leaded paint are 23.46%, which were built prior to 1960. A majority of the houses built in 1966, or before, are located in an area where the County Health Department tested children for lead levels.

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The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Essay - 1632 Words

Israel successfully fought off the pan-Arab army while other Israeli combatants terrorized and depopulated the countryside. Ilan Pappe termed the depopulation of Palestinians as â€Å"ethnic cleansing† but can this phrase be properly used when discussing the events of 1947-1948? To answer this question one must determine if there is a well-established definition of the phrase ‘ethnic cleansing’ and also establish that this was the intent of the Zionists, both initially and subsequently. This can be determined by examining Zionist policy and action previous to the U.N partition plan and after, which will demonstrate that the term is appropriately applied to the situation by Pappe. The United Nations defines ethnic cleansing as; â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦The first English use of the phrase was used by Donald Forbes, a Reuters reporter, who was quoting Croatias Supreme Council: The aim of this expulsion is obviously the ethnic cleansing of the critical areas . . . to be annexed to Serbia (New York Times). The phrase is used later to define events in Serbia where Slobodan Milosevic, known as the Butcher of the Balkans, would level cities, mass murder, and rape the local populations of Croatians which created 2 million refugees (CNN). Again, the tactics are all too similar to those used by Israel to drive out the Arab peoples. Moreover, the term is used today describe most cases of expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of an ethnic minority by a dominant majority. It doesn’t matter what definition you use or what other historical examples you use to define the phrase because it doesn’t change the main purpose of Pappe’s book, wh ich is, to demonstrate that the Arabs were forcibly removed from Palestine using violent and non-violent means (Pappe 2). Pappe documents the events that led to the mass expulsion of Palestinians from their lands, beginning with the Zionist vision from the partition plan, forward. Also, Pappe uses oral history to fill the gaps in the Palestinians narrative, along with military archives, and Ben-Gurion’s diary. The Jewish National Fund contained files that were used to systematically eliminate Arab villages, and Plan D provides theShow MoreRelatedReview of Army of Shadows Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussion pertains to the changes that took place within the mindsets of numerous groups of Palestinians during the British Mandate. It could be beneficial to compare the approach and methodologies of Hillel Cohens book to Ilan Pappes The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (2006) and his reassessment of Israels historical memory. Pappe focuses on the planning and actions that w ere taken to ensure an ethnically cleansed Israel and places this in direct contrast with current perspectives of historical rhetoricRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict1420 Words   |  6 Pagesunderlying causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict; all of which seek to discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violent instability of the region as a whole. While many believeRead MoreEthnic And Religious Division Of The Lebanese Civil War1227 Words   |  5 Pagesin Lebanon. Ethnic and religious division led to the festering of feelings of marginalization and discrimination, which boiled over into the Lebanese civil war, a w ar that claimed the lives of 150,000 people (Szekely). The anger and frustration birthed from this to chaos, and conflict has in turn increased the division between ethnic and religious factions and led to the crumbling of Lebanese nationalism. This essay is specifically aimed at assessing the relationships between ethnic and religiousRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Middle East1773 Words   |  8 Pagesthe most persecuted. It started in 1099 A. D. and took place for seven weeks by the Christians. After the Turkish took over their city, the Christians decided to attack. The Christians targeted Jews and Muslims, because they felt as if they were cleansing the city. The first crusaders were French and German peasants, they were also the most ruthless and known for attacking unarmed people, eventually wiping out the Turkish people. It started with 4,000 knights and 25,000 infantry started moving towardRead MoreThe Historical Area Of Israel And Palestine1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe hist ory of the geographical area substituting Israel and Palestine is one of war and bloodshed. For nearly three millennia people have been fighting over the ‘Holy Land’ in wars that were religious in their essence. An understanding of the historic background of the area is important to comprehend the present-day reasons for the complexity of the task of conflict resolution. The simplified timeline provided below is an attempt to summarise the most important events. Since the Israelites’ conquestRead MoreThe Success And Resilience Of The Ottoman Empire Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagestheir religious ideas and cultural traditions. The rise of Nationalism and the call for independence struggles prior to 1914 and long after the end of the Great War rendered confessional boundaries virtually irrelevant, and ushered in a new era of ethnic and religious violence that forever changed the nature of relations between Muslims and non-Muslim populations in the region. The causes leading to the break-down of the once cohesive multi-lingual and multi-cultural Ottoman Empire and the ‘convivencia’Read MoreHuman Rights Within The World1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthe development of human rights—racialized minorities debatably had a greater role. Also, to further narrow the scope down, the focus is on western liberal democracies in places including Europe, and North America. With the prevalence of white or ethnic superiority in these states, racialized minorities have been especially susceptible to oppression and hardships. Despite this, the autocratic maltreatment of these racialized minorities began to diminish as human rights came into play. The emergenceRead MorePeace Negotiations in International Security1477 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Cold War era is marked by the dominance of peace negotiations in international security, and Middle-east (ME) being a conflict area for a long time, got adequate focus. Tale of oil rich ME is a sto ry of conflicts having Israel-Palestine issue at the core, and the stability and peace of this region largely hinged on to the solution of this issue. So far, a number of unsuccessful initiatives have been taken by world community for the solution of the issue. ‘Roadmap for peace’ was one of suchRead MoreBackground Information On The Sykes Picot Agreement1298 Words   |  6 Pagesprovinces. Palestine would have an international administration, as other Christian powers, namely Russia, held an interest in this region. The rest of the territory in question—a huge area including modern-day Syria, Mosul in northern Iraq, and Jordan—would have local Arab chiefs under French supervision in the north and British in the south. Also, Britain and France would retain free passage and trade in the other’s zone of influence. An â€Å"international administration† was proposed for Palestine. TheRead MoreA Wall of Exclusion: Can Palestine Survive Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesThe continuous struggle of land between the Israelis and Palestinians has been a controversy that has depicted onto the international community for years. Many states now recognize Palestine as an independent state, yet not all the actors seem to agree, specifically the United Nations including the United States and the United Kingdom. The regions that are primarily under dispute include the West Bank along the Jordan border and the Gaza Strip. East Jerusalem is also included in this dispute,

AlzheimerS Disease Informative Essay Example For Students

AlzheimerS Disease Informative Essay Alzheimer 1It is inevitable that eventually each of us will grow old and begin to face more and more health problems as our age rises. Elderly people are challenged by many illnesses and diseases that unfortunately, are incurable. One disease that becomes more common as people age is Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers a common cause and a form of dementia and can severely damage a patients cognitive functions and can ultimately cause death. Living with Alzheimers disease can be saddening for both the sufferer and the family. Family and friends will find it very hard to cope when a loved one begins slipping away and losing memory of who they are. We will write a custom essay on AlzheimerS Disease Informative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Alzheimers disease comes from the last name of a neuro-psychiatrist from Germany, Alois Alzheimer. The disease was first diagnosed when a woman in her early fifties began experience memory problems. Alzheimer recounted the now famous case of Auguste D. a 51-year-old housewife who had been failing mentally for several years. As a result she had been admitted to his care in the Asylum for the Insane and Epileptic (Maurer and Maurer 1). After her death, he continued to examine her brain to find causes and explanations for her behavior. He discovered classic neuro-pathological signs of plaques and tangles (Maurer and Maurer 1). Plaques are chains of amino acids that are pieces of the amyloid precursor proteintangles are aggregates of the protein tau (Secko 1). As plaques develop they produce tangles and these two abnormalities ultimately lead to loss of cognitive function (Secko 1) Alois Alzheimers research has allowed many specialist to conclude that the apolipoproetein E gene may contr ibute to the disease. Alzheimer 2The occurrence and deposits of these proteins in the brain and in the body may ultimately lead to whether or not someone will be susceptible and diagnosed with Alzheimer disease. Alzheimers disease is rising at a very high rate. The number of new cases per year is estimated at 360,000 equating to 980 new cases per day or 40 new cases every hour (Cummings and Cole 1) This evidence shows that an increasing number of people will discover the effects of a cognitive impairment that will most likely be due to Alzheimers disease. As people age, their risk of being diagnosed with this disease increases significantly. The prevalence of AD double every five years after the age of 601% among those 60- to 64-years old to up to 40% of those aged 85 years and older and is more common in women than men by a ration of 1.2 to 1.5 (Cummings and Cole 1). With the growing number of people becoming diagnosed, and experiencing symptoms of Alzheimers disease, we must begin to take precautions and somehow attempt to gain knowledge of how the disease can be better treated, and ultimately prevented. Those diagnosed with Alzheimers disease usually end up in nursing homes or hospice care centers, because, as the disease evolves to its later stages, the patient typically becomes unable to care for themselves and is required to have around-the-clock care. Nursing care is very expensive and can be estimated to cost approximately $47,000 per patient per year (Cummings and Cole 1). Patients are plagued with not only memory loss, but also abnormalities of the motor system, problems assessing new information, trouble speaking and disorientation. Patients with AD usually survive 7-10 Alzheimer 3years after onset of symptomsand typically die from bronchitis or pneumonia (Cummings and Cole 2). Dementia, memory loss, and cognitive breakdown are some of the major signs and symptoms of Alzheimers disease. The disease damages brain cells, which in turn, impairs the memory and leads to loss of memory and the ability to perform tasks. The slow elimination of cells weakens the brains ability to remember things, perform normal daily tasks, and also affects behavioral, personality and psychiatrically problems. Complications become increasingly difficult as more and more cells weaken and deteriorate. In the first stages, forgetfulness and the lack of enjoyment or interest in hobbies are prevalent in the patient. Following this, the patients ability to perform normal daily tasks, such as shopping or managing finances, can being to be problematic. As Alzheimers disease takes over, sufferers begin to have difficulty with their speech item recognition, abstract thinking, and memory. .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 , .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .postImageUrl , .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 , .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480:hover , .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480:visited , .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480:active { border:0!important; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480:active , .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480 .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47b8c016dd15500a56d252ca7dc87480:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aaron Burr Treason Trial EssayAlthough there is no cure for Alzheimers disease, there are some things family, friends, and doctors can do to help the patient escape the complications with the disease. Keeping the patient occupied with brain stimulating activities, such as crossword puzzles, math problems, and word games can allow the person to keep their brain functioning and curb the serious problems of Alzheimers disease. Asking the patient to perform serial subtractions of 7s (backward from 100 to 65), to spell the word world backward and to produce verbal word lists, such as names of animals or items in a grocery store, are other ways to test executive functioning and abstract thinking (Santacruz and Swagerty 2). Alzheimer 4There are many ways to test for cognitive impairments and forms of dementia that can eventually result in Alzheimers disease. Physical examination should includespeech (aphasia), motor memory (apraxia), sensory recognition (agnosia), and complex behavior sequencing (executive functioning) (Santacruz and Swagerty 2). Item recognition exercises, such as asking patients to identify an object by only feeling it, or asking them to demonstrate the purpose or use of an object is critical in testing their sensory recognition and motor memory abilities. Speech problems can be tested by monitoring the frequent use of vague terms such as thing or it' (Santacruz and Swagerty 2). It is vital to examine and assess these factors when elderly people begin to become at-risk for the disease. Working with patients in the early stages of Alzheimers disease can ultimately be of much help to their health and their complications in the later stages of the disease. Many times Alzheimers disease is overlooked, when in reality this disease can be just as serious a medical problem as cancer. Alzheimers disease, its complications, and its effects continue to threaten more people each year. The population of patients with AD will nearly quadruple in the next 50 years if the current trend continues (Cummings and Cole 1). This astounding figure should encourage people to become aware of the disease and its signs and symptoms so that they are able to seek help and medical treatment in the early stages of Alzheimers disease in attempt to live and cope with this condition. Works CitedCummings, Jeffrey L., Cole, Greg. Alzheimer Disease. Journal of the American Medical Association. May 2002: 287-18. Health Source. EBSCOhost. Utica College Lib. 15 Apr 2005. . Maurer, K., and Maurer, U. Alzheimer: The Life of a Physician and the Career of a Disease. Journal of the American Medical Association. February 2005: 293-6. Health Source. EBSCOhost. Utica College Lib. 15 Apr 2005. . Santacruz, K. S., and Swagerty, D. Early Diagnosis of Dementia. American Family Physician. February 2001: 63-4. Health Source. EBSCOhost. Utica College Lib. 15 Apr 2005. . Secko, David. Alzheimers Disease: Genetic Variables and Risk. Canadian Medical Association Journal. March 2005: 172-5.

Competitive Strategy Australian Business Review

Question: Describe about the Competitive Strategy for Australian Business Review. Answer: Week 3: E-learning materials Key ideas from the e-learning activity Strategy in general Strategy derived from a Greek word Strategis which means: The art of the General. A strategy emphasize on various components such as low cost, global approach, regional acquisitions, healthy competition, first mover and industrial application (Hambrick and Fredrickson, 2001). A good strategy A good strategy is the one which answers these four questions mentioned questions in a clear and concise manner: Where do we compete? This question focuses on the selection of market, industry, product market and geographical market in which the organization wants to set up. What unique value do we bring? This question focuses on the reason that why any customer will choose the products and services of this organization instead of the competitors products and services. It includes various components such as cost for differentiation, reliability, customization, styling etc. What resources or capabilities do we utilize? This question focuses on the resources and capabilities we use for delivering the value such as exceptional human capital, superior technology, unrivaled network connections, unique reputation etc. How do we sustain unique value? This question focuses on the factors which allow an organization to continue to win overtime. It includes components such as identification of the competitors weaknesses and moves, rivals capability to imitate the products and services etc (Kryscynski, 2015). Application of the key ideas in an organization Broadband Solutions is one of the telecommunication organizations of Australia. The key ideas extracted from the e-learning activity can be directly implemented over Broadband Solutions (smartcompany, 2016). Being founded in 2005, the company has established its roots successfully. There are various learning and strategies which can be implement by Broadband Solutions for achieving success in long run such as the company can provide the customers with uniqueness by offering customized and tailored services by offering various innovative plan to differentiate the services from other telecommunication companies. Secondly being operating in Australia, Broadband Solutions should extend its regional acquisition by providing services through niche marketing and focusing on the deprived regions (broadbandsolutions, 2016). Thirdly to have a greater customer acquisition, Broadband Solutions should have low prices as the renowned telecommunication organization, Telstra has comparatively high p rices so if Broadband Solutions will offer services at lower prices it will able to acquire more customers (Adhikari, 2016). And by providing effective and satisfactory customer services the company will able to build its reputation in the market and can achieve success in longer run as well as it can also opt for globalization once it acquires the regional markets successfully. Week 4: E-learning materials Key ideas from the e-learning activity Reason behind letdown of big firms There are various successful companies who have suddenly lose their edge and experience a downfall such as Kodak, Nokia any many others. The only reason behind their letdown was not the insufficient resources, incomplete knowledge of market or any other. Rather all the organizations who experience downfall has one thing in common and that is they miss the moment of innovation as they were too busy in managing their daily business instead of envisioning the future opportunities. Innovation Presently innovation is widening in all the industries of business, without innovation it is merely impossible for the organization to sustain in upcoming future. Innovation either lowers the cost of products and services or increases the customer value and hence builds a competitive benefit. Misconceptions about innovation There are several misconceptions which are associated with the concept innovation. These are: Firstly the wrong concept that innovation stands only personal and it is particularly that which has never been had before by any other company. Secondly the notion that for achieving big success there is mandatory to have big resources. Thirdly the belief that innovation breakthrough the always based technologies Business Model Innovation A business model innovation is the one which give clear and concise answers to the below mentioned four major questions: Who should be your target customers? What you are for to the customers? How do you create the value prepositions? How do you generate revenue? Innovating a business model Following are the four major steps to innovate a business model. These are: Initiation Initiation focuses on analyzing the current business model in terms of the above mentioned 4 questions. Ideation Ideation focuses on confirming this business model with the established 55 Business Model Innovation patterns and develops new models. Integration Integration focuses on checking the consistency of the business model. Implementation Implementation requires high focus, there are various things which need to be in mind while implementing the business model such as only implement one business model at a time, clearly communicate the new business model and the need for change, dont adopt shortcuts as innovation needs time, there should be top management commitment i.e. the sponsorships are necessary and lastly the organization should overcome the not-invented syndrome (HSGUniStGallen, 2013). Application of the key ideas in an organization Top juice is one of the companies in the retail and consumer products industry which was founded in 2008. It has established itself on the grounds of innovativeness for proving salads, smoothies and healthy juices (smartcompany, 2016). The company will be able to effectively implement the key ideas extracted from the e-learning activity. There are various notions and concepts on which Top juice can work and can attain a successful business run such as it the initiation process company must analyze what all kind of beverages and products it is offering and it can offer and it must target its customers first as people of Australia prefer juices and salads very much but then too Top juice should segregate the regions where it can attract the customers more such as societies who are health conscious or who prefer dietary foods, the company must establish its branch at that place. Secondly it should confirm its business model with those set 55 Business Model Innovation patterns and must c ompare at what all places it lacks something and must develop its plans accordingly (Gassmann, Frankenberger and Csik, n.d.). Thirdly during integration it should check whether customers are attracting towards the products and services or not and also evaluate the reliability of the model. Lastly during implementation Top juice should put its entire focus over the dietary and healthy foods only rather than including other fast-food substances just to extend its chain and from time to time the company should develop its products so that there maintains an innovativeness (topjuice, 2014). References: Adhikari, S., (2016). Telstras mobile, net prices under fire. The Australian Business Review, Accessed on: 22nd August, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/telstras-mobile-net-prices-under-fire/news-story/13a8c25a10660e86adf73b865dfe4dca Broadbandsolutions, (2016). About Broadband Solutions, Accessed on: 22nd August, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.broadbandsolutions.com.au/about-us Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K. and Csik, M., (n.d.). The St. Gallen Business Model Navigator, pp.14. Hambrick, D.C. and Fredrickson, J.W., 2001. Are you sure you have a strategy?. The Academy of Management Executive, 15(4), pp.48-59. HSGUniStGallen, (2013). Business Model Innovation, Accessed on: 22nd August, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMIfeature=youtu.be Kryscynski, D., (2015). What is Strategy?, Accessed on: 22nd August, 2016, Accesssed from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVwfeature=youtu.be Smartcompany, (2016). SMART50 AWARDS 201, Accessed on: 22nd August, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.smartcompany.com.au//smart50-awards-2015/ Topjuice,(20140. About us, Accessed on: 22nd August, 2016, Accessed from: https://www.topjuice.com.au/about-us/