Many of today’s drivers have dangerous habits

Observing driver’s behavior nowadays, one can conclude that undoubtedly many are said to be poor when it comes to driving skills. Now there is more than anecdotal evidence that American drivers are woefully in need of refresher courses in basic driving skills. The results of the second annual GMAC Insurance National Drivers Test suggest that licensed Americans â€Å"lack basic driving knowledge and exhibit alarming behaviors on the road.† The study revealed that one in 11 drivers out of nearly 18 million people would fail a state drivers test if one were administered to them today. Furthermore, the study shows drivers deliberately disregard pedestrians and treat driving as the new â€Å"down time,† where they catch up on the day's activities, diverting their attention from the road. (Ripley, 2007) New finding had come up but still indicates that drivers still do not have adequate knowledge of basic rules of the road, and they exhibit bad habits behind the wheel. One of the most dangerous behavior for drivers is the concern for pedestrians. Roughly one out of three drivers usually do not stop for pedestrians even if they’re in a crosswalk or at a yellow light. Another things is that one out of five drivers do not know that a pedestrian has the right of way at a marked or unmarked crosswalk. Another concern that has a connection with the latest trends is that some drivers treat driving as a time to catch up on activities that they failed to do in their hectic day. Doing stuffs like cellphone chatting, texting, e-mailing friends, selecting songs on their iPods, putting on make up, changing clothes and reading. These activities are considered to be distracting and of course dangerous. Most drivers also drive through yellow lights. Drivers also drive at least 10mph over the speed limit they are always in a hurry and cannot be bothered to slow down. The most common driver’s dangerous habits are: use of handheld cellular phones while driving, not respecting pedestrians in crosswalks, drivers do push through driving even though they are drunk, driving under the influence of drugs, too fast driving when raining, not slowing down when passing through humps, not blowing horns when there are people crossing the street, too many unskilled drivers are on the road, drivers are not using hand signals, bike lanes are out of hand, drivers use to cut lines and the speed limits are too low. Its good to break the rule sometimes but one must remember that life should never be put at risk so we must remember to drive responsibly. Work Cited Ripley, Tom . â€Å"Study Says American Drivers Suck† December 4, 2007 Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ;http://www.drivingtoday.com/sweetridz/features/archive/amer_drivers_suck/index.html;

Italian Culture Healthcare and Education Essay

Italy is recognized around the world due to its decent cultural approach towards education, business, healthcare and society. Italian’s culture diligently maintains high standards of healthcare system as well as education systems which provide the best and affordable healthcare services and free educational opportunities to the people. Italian Culture towards Healthcare Italian culture towards healthcare is highly recognized due to the provision of high standards healthcare services and medical assistance at very low cost. Italian doctors are very devoted and expert in their profession and the healthcare treatment services are maintained at higher levels. It is wise thinking of Italians who prefer to cover their hospitalization and surgery cost through private health insurance providers which, of course, avoid inconvenience faced due to long waiting lists (â€Å"Healthcare in Italy†, Allianz). The official name of Italy’s Health System is ‘Servizio Sanitario Nazioanale’ which provides low cost healthcare services to the entire European citizens. The healthcare services include ‘in-patient’ treatments such as medications, tests, family doctor visits, surgeries during hospitalization and medical assistance provided by various medical specialists. Other healthcare services are too offered which include dental treatments, out-patient treatments and provision of medicines and drugs. The Italian culture mandates the health insurance for every foreigner which must cover the entire healthcare treatment from the arrival moment till the departure moment, failing which ‘permit to stay’ (permesso di soggiorno) is not granted (â€Å"Healthcare in Italy†, Allianz). Italian Culture towards Education Education in Italy is perceived to be an essential necessity of life. Italian’s culture has regulated education as a compulsory requirement for 6-16 years of children and free education is too granted to facilitate people. There are five grades in Italian’s educational system namely ‘Kindergarten / Playgroup (Scuola Maternal), Elementary School (Scuola Elementare), Middle School (Scuola Media), High School (Liceo) and University (Universita) (â€Å"Italy Education System†, Italiamia). The educational system in Italy consists of public and private standards. Both the standards are developed more progressively than UK and Germany educational systems. Various universities for postgraduate education have been established in Italy namely ‘University of Bologna’ which is the oldest university in Western and ‘La Sapienza University’ which is the biggest university in Italy (â€Å"Italy Education†, Maps of World). Italy’s educational system was constituted by ‘Legge Casati (Casati Act) in 1859. The vision of this act was to diminish illiteracy among children and enhance their learning needs. The single town regulates the primary education system, the province regulates the secondary education system and the state regulates the universities education system. The educational system was further streamlined by ‘Legge Gentile Act’ in 1923. The compulsory age of children for education was increased up to 14 years and option for promotion towards ‘Middle School’ was granted upon completion of five years primary education which could further be continued up to ‘High School’ (â€Å"Italy Education System†, Italiamia). Conclusion  Inadvertently, Italian culture towards healthcare and education is very appreciating and is a symbol of developed country of the world. Since, Italian culture has maintained the higher standards in healthcare and education systems; therefore, it is right to claim the Italy as one of the best country of the world which cares about the life of its people with love. In short, Italy’s healthcare and education culture should be adopted by every developing country in order to maintain good health and develop learning needs among people which will of course, benefit the same in the prosperity of a country.

Consider immigration into the US and remittances sent home Essay

Consider immigration into the US and remittances sent home - Essay Example On the other hand, entrepreneurs make the use of unexploited economic potential in the country, thereby increasing employment opportunities and bring in additional revenues in the region. The immigrants who are in the united state illegally increased competition in the labor market. This community offers a threat to the economy since the competition reduces the employment opportunities for Inuit communities. The national government should therefore strive to reduce the community that is illegally in the region. Remittances are funds that a foreign individual sends to home country, mainly to their families. In this perspective, remittance is very effective in the economy since the remittance funds are earned by foreign individuals, therefore adding value to the economy (Gylfason, 2009, p. 109). On the other hand, these funds are tax deductible and therefore provide the government with revenue through taxes. However, foreign aids are tax-free and have no economic value to the host

The Impact of the Black Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Impact of the Black Death - Essay Example As a result of the massive deaths of sheep, Europe was plunged in wool shortage and even had to import wool (Byrne, 2012). The other impact is that between 1348 and 1349, Jews were massacred and many others chased or ran away to avoid being killed. The killing was in the name of purging the European community and a way of seeking forgiveness since they believed that the plague was a form of divine punishment (Hamm, 2009). In the Byzantine Empire, the plague was brought by soldiers from Mediterranean in 1347 and infested Constantinople, the empire’s capital and it spread as fast among them. Since it was first discovered among soldiers, it killed so many of them that military power declined sharply (Byrne, 2012). The other impacts were the same as those experienced in Medieval Europe (death that led to decline in population) because they also believed it was divine punishment. The plague killed their animals most of which were for trade since the empire was thriving with merchant trade and hence the economy declined also sharply (Gottfried,

Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide - Case Study Example The present paper is regarding the strategy and framework that can be considered to provide the best stewardship of Ogilvy brand. 1) Accurate human resource positioning - Expertise is necessary in order to achieve the goal of best stewardship. The organization cannot afford anyone to work anywhere without giving any result. Human resource is the key to success of any organization. Motivating the employees through incentives, promotions and other benefits will encourage them to perform better. As the organization is a multinational company, networking in form of communication should be enabled and each and every office should be interlinked not separating any of the regional offices from the offices situated outside the country. Moreover, all the offices and its employees should be assigned specific roles and responsibilities so as to carry out work smoothly. Organizational restructure is necessary to stimulate growth, successive management, to deal with internal problems and due to changing environment (Busn 6520, Class Notes) 2) Coordination among Board of Directors- It is necessary that Board representing the management be reworked as it is evident from the activities of previous year (1993), coordination between the top level executives is the area of concern. There is difference of opinion among different heads of regional offices, local offices and other international offices. Therefore it is recommended that divisional structure of management be carried out as it enhances the cooperation within division and goals are achieved as per the strategy set by CEO, as in the case of Appex. This structure also enhances accountability, budgeting, planning, final target focus and thus preventing any fraudulent activities. The personnel involved in the management of operations in various locations should be vary of their roles and responsibilities so that targets are achieved relentlessly (Strategic Design Lens, Lecture 3) 3) Adapting to the changing environment - Ogilvy and Mather has already experienced the effect of not moving forward with the changing business world and changing mindset of customers resulting in pull offs by its most valued clients like American Express and others. It is suggested to make few changes in organization culture without affecting the historical values of the company. 4) Eliminating political traits in the organization - Politics in an organization is perceived as the dark side and avoiding it can result in impeding effective decisions. Politicization in the organization should be totally eliminated so as to take effective decisions for the organizational development. It is suggested to take all the Board members into confidence or decide with the consensus of the people present during the meeting. Major reshuffling among the top executives along with medium level executives to different departments and locations may help in easing the pressure while taking decisions (Political Lens, Class Notes) 5) Assessing

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing - Assignment Example The research delves on five of the major areas of heightened audit risk of Havelock Europa Plc (Havelock Europa, 2013). The basis for including the accounts as heightened risk involves two factors. The two factors are internal control and inherent risk (Messier, 2011). Certain financial report accounts have higher probabilities of errors or frauds. The current research centres on five such financial report accounts. The accounts are sales, receivables, payables, cash, and inventory. There is an audit risk that there is error or fraud in the  £ 100,778 thousand Revenue amount during 2012. There is a probability that sales completed during January of 2013 were included in the 2012 sales figure. This can be fraudulently done in order to present a falsely higher sales figure, improving the company’s financial report image (Lyn, 2011). Similarly, there is a probability that uncompleted sales transactions were included in the 2012 financial reports (Dauber, 2009). The uncompleted sales amount includes customer’s promise to purchase the company’s products and services that were never completed. Another possibility is that products returned by customers were not recorded as sales revenue reductions (sales returns). Similarly, discounts given to customers who pay early or pay in case are not reflected as deductions from the gross revenue amounts. Further, sales allowances given to customers to satisfy their complaints concerning poor product and service quality may not be deduction from the gross revenue amount. Further, another possibility is recording a Revenue transaction when there is actually no sales transaction started, processed, or completed (Dauber, 2009). Likewise, there is a possibility that the sales amounts were erroneous recorded or fraudulently recorded. In addition, the financial reports may erroneously or fraudulently not include some realized

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - An Evaluation Assignment - 1

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - An Evaluation - Assignment Example From the aforementioned case overview, it can be comprehended that the case is related to contract law. There are certain elements that are identified to be essential for the formulation of a valid contract. The four essential elements that are essential for a valid contract are offered along with acceptance, legal considerations, legal purpose and legal capacity. In this respect, a contract to be valid is required to have the aforementioned factors under consideration. Moreover, the elements of a contract are required to comply with the objective of ensuring that the contract is legally accepted (Marson, 2013). In relation to the case provided, it can be affirmed that Peter has not entered into a legally recognized valid contract, which implies that he is not liable to force the company in selling the product that has been advertised. Thus, Peter cannot force the company to provide the product at the price of ?1. It can also be affirmed relating to the case that the advertisement ma de by the company is just a mere invitation. According to the contract law, the advertisements that make by the companies in relation to a product or service are often related to the notion of ‘invitation to treat’. ‘Invitation to treat’ is identified as an expression along with a willingness to develop or enter into a contract with another individual. Moreover, the invitation should be made with appropriate terms as well as conditions with the objective of ensuring that the offer made by the offeror is accepted by an offeree. Contextually, an ‘invitation to treat’ is not identified as an offer but it is recognized as a preliminary procedure. In this regard, an ‘invitation to treat’ is not a necessary procedure for developing an agreement as the offeror making the ‘invitation to treat’ capable of forming a valid contract. ‘Invitation to treat’ is generally used by businesses to improve sales figures and at tract customers through advertisements and auctions among others (Marson, 2013)

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Marketing - Essay Example Marketing is therefore an essential department in every organization since it deals with the product and service proportion thereby catering for the organization’s operations. The department works in close relation with other management departments to ensure the organization operates as a unified whole. In carrying out their mandate, the marketing department develops its operations depending on the nature of the target market for every product or service in the industry. Additionally, the department counsels the production department thereby ensuring that the company produces appropriate goods and services that meet the market demand. Apple manufactures hand held telecommunication devices such as tablets, computers, and laptops. However, the company’s products and services access the international market owing to the fact that some of the phones and products it manufactures are marketed globally. This implies that the company has a big market and therefore several compe titors all that it must compete effectively against to maintain its operations. With this understanding, Apple has a dedicated marketing department, which has steered the organization through success within the years of its operations.

Broken Windows Concept Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Broken Windows Concept - Research Paper Example Giuliani was dedicated to putting the theory into action. Bratton through the police had the law against subway fare evasion, public drinking, graffiti vandals strictly enforced. In 2007 and 2008 experiments were conducted by Kees Keizer colleagues of the University of Groningen to determine whether the effect of existing visible disorder increased the incidence of crime such as littering and theft. The experiment included urban location and done in two different ways. In one condition, the place was maintained orderly and free from broken windows and graffiti. The other conditions, the experiment in the same environment among other things windows broken, and graffiti were placed on the wall. The arrangement in the second condition appeared like nobody cared. The observations from the experiments supported the theory. Common misconceptions clearly imply that there is a connection with financial instability for those who commit crime and may be of minority status. As for RJ Sampson it does not necessarily mean that the use of racial circumstance to encode disorder, people racially prejudiced in the sense of personal hostility (Weisburd &Lum). A later study indicated that the disorder is an exogenous construct that has independent effects on how people feel about their neighborhoods a contradiction to Wilson and Kellings proposition. Many challengers and critics say that other than the physical disorder there are other factors that influence crime rate. In order to reduce crime rate, these factors need

Why woman should not ever have an Abortion Essay

Why woman should not ever have an Abortion - Essay Example God condemns abortion. The reason abortion is prohibited is not just the fact that it is murder, but also because of a whole range of consequences that it causes. In many cases, abortion poses risk to the life of the mother. Even if the mother survives the initial risk, she is quite susceptible to bearing the huge burden of guilt of having killed her own child. Many mothers experience many negative emotional and psychological effects of abortion for a long time in their life. Owing to the fact that life starts at conception, every abortion results in the killing of a human being. To make it even worse, that human being cannot even speak for his/her rights, he/she does not even know about any rights, and is in the most innocent form. The moment a child starts developing inside the mother’s womb, the mother’s body does not remain just her body, but also becomes a home shared by her child. All these points lead to the conclusion that abortion should be

Employee Portfolio Motivation Action Plan Essay Example for Free

Employee Portfolio Motivation Action Plan Essay Determine the motivational strategy or strategies that would likely be most appropriate for each of your three employees, based on their individual characteristics. Indicate how you would leverage their employee evaluations to motivate each of the three employees. Describe one or more of the motivational theories and explain how the theories connect to each of your selected motivational strategies. Team MemberPerformance RatingSummary of AssessmentsMotivational Strategy and Action PlanRelevant Theory Edward JonesEven though theres some concern the applicant requires to care for, he is suitable for the employment The worker has got a greater employment satisfaction and he is fairly prepared. His good points are shown by confidence, hard work abilities, and greater mental cleverness. But, he isnt able to correctly acknowledge criticism and might get subjective in job-related issues. Due to his enhanced employment satisfaction and confidence, Edward Jones might not be challenging to be inspired. To do this the organization requires to make him maintain his greater employment satisfaction and confidence the organization will ensure that hes provided proper power into doing his work in order that the workers feel the authority and association to the organization. The inspiration hypothesis related to this case is McClellands hypothesis of requirements stating that authority, accomplishment, and association are essential requirements which help explain inspiration. Michael Ciross Michael Ciross is an excellent applicant for his employment.The exams demonstrate that this worker has a normal employment pleasure meaning that hes neither enthusiastic nor unhappy regarding his employment. The main good points of Michael are indigenous cleverness, fairly planned, and greater mental cleverness. On the contrary, the main weak points are lack of attention and probability of getting subjective. The truth that the worker lacks attention while doing his work implies that he doesnt have a great curiosity on getting this done and he most probably does it for the very fact that its a usual element of his survival. Due to his lack of attention he may not be inspired into doing the perfect on his employment. A usual employment pleasure shows the truth that the worker might not desire to accomplish better performances. The most suitable hypothesis in this situation is the expectancy hypothesis which will indicate the worker in case he acts in a particular better way he will just need to gain from the situation.The  expectancy hypothesis will attempt to show the worker that in case he does his work better, payment and satisfaction will most probably increase. He might be capable to be promoted. Respect and self-actualization are the need which must be focused in following the hypothesis. Jeffrey Blake Jeffrey might not be the ideal applicant for his employment. But, it doesnt mean that he can improve. Jeffrey Blake has got a reduced pleasure, requires a great deal of time to finish jobs and there are greater possibilities for subjectivity while doing his work. On the contrary a few of his good points are that he has a tendency to put emphasize on details and that he shows a more mixed style of making decisions. There are many methods of enhancing the pleasure of this worker that is the 1st step in to enhancing the inspiration. The most related inspiration hypothesis to this scenario is Theory X and in order to enhance Jeffreys inspiration the organization must decide what makes him have discontentment for his employment, take steps to get rid of this element, enhance the payment, and influence Jeffrey into enhancing output and performance.Hypothesis X, as Robbins and Judge (2011) consider, says that workers dont like job and they must be directed or even forced into performing it.

Pakistan Monetary policy effectiveness in controlling inflation

Pakistan Monetary policy effectiveness in controlling inflation Inflation adversely affects the overall growth, the financial sector development and the vulnerable poor segment of the population. There is clear consensus that even moderate levels of inflation damage real growth Inflation decreases the real income and also induces uncertainty. Considering such adverse impacts of inflation on the economy, there is a consensus among the worlds leading central banks that the price stability is the prime objective of monetary policy and the central banks are committed to the low inflation. Hence the central banks have adopted inflation as the main focus of monetary policy, targeting inflation explicitly or implicitly as and when required. Motive The objective of the thesis is to investigate the linkage between the excess money supply growth and inflation in Pakistan and to test the validity of the monetarist stance that inflation is a monetary phenomenon. The thesis will examine that whether the monetary policy adopted has been effective to control the rate of inflation. In my thesis I would like to analyze the money supply and inflation rates in Pakistan in order to prove the hypothesis. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 Null Hypothesis: Monetary policy is effective in controlling inflation in Pakistan. Alternative Hypothesis: Monetary policy is not effective in controlling inflation in Pakistan. Hypothesis 2 Null Hypothesis: Inflation is a monetary phenomenon. Alternate Hypothesis: Inflation is not a monetary phenomenon. Introduction This paper examines the role played by the monetary policy in controlling prices. Whether the policy makers have been successful in predicting the behavior of prices effectively or not. For this purpose the model is considered having monetary variables like monetary assets and monetary expansion and inflation as a dependent variable. The model is estimated for the period of 1950-2005. It tries to measure the effective of monetary policy during different regimes. The results indicate that correlation between monetary assets and inflation is not that strong for Pakistan which means that the monetary policy has not been that effective in predicting the price movements in Pakistan. There is a strong need for adjustments by the policy makers. Another result that I got from the study is that monetary expansion and inflation are related significantly and they tend to determine the direction of one another at times but inflation is also related to other factors. These days economies of all countries whether underdeveloped, developing as well developed suffers from inflation. Inflation or persistent rising prices are major problem today in world. Because of many reasons, first, the rate of inflation these years are much high than experienced earlier periods. Second, Inflation in these years coexists with high rate of unemployment, which is a new phenomenon and made it difficult to control inflation. Economic policies tend to increase the general public welfare and monetary policy supports this broad objective by focusing its efforts to promote price stability. The objective of monetary policy in Pakistan, as laid down in the SBP Act of 1956, is to achieve the targets of inflation and growth set annually by the Government. In recent years money supply increased rapidly and some researchers thought this increase in money supply was going to translate quickly into inflation. But inflation did not grow much and empirical evidence shows that shocks to the petrol and meat supply mainly affected inflation. In the long-run the relationship between money supply and price is very strong and their correlation is almost one. Lucas (1995) emphasized the long-term relationship between money and prices in his Nobel Prize lecture by mentioning McCandless and Weber (1995). For the short-term relationship, empirical evidence of relationship between money growth and inflation is weak and unclear. A variety of studies on money demand yield very dissimilar results. As result, it is difficult to establish a straight relationship between these two variables in the short-term. This paper tries to measure the relationship between money growth and inflation for Pakistan. The paper consists of following sections: Introduction, The need to control inflation and the monetary policy in Pakistan, Literature Review, Empirical results, conclusion and recommendations. The need to control inflation Price stability is key to long run growth prospects. Effective management and prediction inflation expectations is required to ensure that the prices are stable. With stable prices, economic decisions can be made with less uncertainty and therefore markets can function without concern about unpredictable fluctuations in the purchasing power of money. On the other hand, high and unanticipated inflation lowers the quality of the signals coming from the price system as producers and consumers find it difficult to distinguish price changes arising from changes in the supply and demand for products from changes arising from the high level of general inflation. High inflation lowers the effectiveness of the market system. High and unanticipated inflation makes it impossible to plan for relatively longer outlook, creating incentives for households and firms to shorten their decision horizons and to spend resources in managing inflation risks rather than focusing on the most productive activities. The competing goals of growth and price stability, which may seem to be at odds with each other, in fact boils down to a single objective i.e. price stability. In this backdrop, there is no surprise that most of the central banks aim at maintaining low and stable inflation. Central banks place more weight and demonstrate increased willingness on controlling inflation relative to output growth, and financial and exchange rate stability. Effectiveness of monetary policy in Pakistan Generally, historical evidence does reflect that Pakistan has been a high inflation and high interest economy given its inherent structural weaknesses. The role and effectiveness of monetary policy appears more visible in the 2000s when financial sector reforms started bearing fruits in terms of a more market based money and foreign exchange markets. Entering the 21st century, the loose monetary policy stance in the face of low inflation, low growth and low twin deficits, along with structural measures to open up the economy and alleviate some first round constraints, triggered the economy on a long term growth trajectory of above 7 percent. Monetary policy stance was however altered as the inflationary pressures started to build up in 2005. At the end of the fiscal year, the economy, which had been showing sustained steady growth since FY01, registered a historically high level of growth (9 percent), average inflation rose sharply (9.3 percent) and the external current account balance turned into deficit (-1.4 percent of GDP). Coinciding with these developments, the fiscal module started to show signs of stress as the fiscal balance was converted into a deficit and the stock of external debt and liabilities, which had been declining since FY00 after the Paris Club rescheduling, began increasing. These indicators largely capture the high and growing aggregate demand in the economy on account of sustained increase in peoples income. With the emerging domestic and global price pressures, SBP tightened its monetary policy after a prolonged gap of a few years. The efforts to rein-in inflation, however, proved less effective due to a rebound in international commodity prices and a rise in domestic food bearing fruits in terms of a more market based money and foreign exchange markets. Entering the 21st century, the loose monetary policy stance in the face of low inflation, low growth and low twin deficits, along with structural measures to open up the economy and alleviate some first round constraints, triggered the economy on a long term growth trajectory of above 7 percent. Realizing the complications of monetary management and adverse global and domestic economic developments, the implementation of SBP monetary policy during FY06 varied significantly from the preceding fiscal years. In addition to the rise in the policy rate, the central bank focused on the short-end of the yield curve, draining excess liquidity from the inter-bank money market and pushing up short-tenor rates. Consequently, not only did the overnight rates remain close to the discount rate through most of the year, the volatility in these rates also declined. These tight monetary conditions along with the Governments administrative measures to control food inflation helped in scaling down average inflation from 9.3 percent in FY05 to 7.9 percent in FY06, within the 8.0 percent annual target. For FY07, the government set an inflation target of 6.5 percent. To achieve this, a further moderation in aggregate demand during FY07 was required as the core inflation witnessed a relatively smaller decline in FY06, indicating that demand-side inflationary pressures were strong. In this perspective, SBP further tightened its monetary policy in July 2006 raising the CRR and SLR for the scheduled banks; and its policy rate by 50 basis points (bps) to 9.5 percent. Moreover, proactive liquidity management helped in transmitting the monetary tightening signals to key interest rates in the economy. For instance, the Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rate (KIBOR) of 6 month tenor increased from 9.6 percent in June 2006 to 10.02 percent at end-June 2007 and the banks weighted average lending and deposits rates (on outstanding amount) increased by 0.93 percentage points and 1.1 percentage points, respectively, during FY07. In retrospect, it appears evident that monetary tightening in FY07 did not put any adverse impact on economic growth, as not only was the real GDP growth target of 7.0 percent for FY07 was met; the growth was quite broad based. At the same time, the impact of the monetary tightening was most evident in the continued deceleration in core inflation during FY07. One measure of core inflation, the non-food non-energy CPI, continued its downtrend from YoY high of 7.8 percent in October 2005, to 6.3 percent at end-FY06, and to 5.1 percent by the end of FY07. However, much of the gains from the tight monetary policy on overall CPI inflation were offset by the unexpected rise in food inflation. On the downside, however, broad money supply (M2) grew by 19.3 percent during FY07, exceeding the annual target by 5.8 percentage points. Slippages in money supply growth largely stemmed from an expansion in NFA due to the higher than expected foreign exchange inflows. The pressure from the fiscal account was due to mismatch in its external budgetary inflows and expenditures. With the privatization inflows and the receipts from a sovereign debt offering at end-FY07, the Government managed to end the year with retirement of central bank borrowings, on the margin. By end-FY07, SBP holdings of government papers were still around Rs 452 billion, despite a net retirement of Rs 56.0 billion during the year. Another major aberration in FY07 emanated from the high level of SBP refinancing extended, for both working capital and long-term investment, to exporters. Aside from monetary management complexities, these schemes have been distorting the incentive structure in the economy. FY08 was an exceptionally difficult year. The domestic macroeconomic and political vulnerabilities coupled with a very challenging global environment caused slippages in macroeconomic targets by a wide margin. After a relatively long period of macroeconomic stability and prosperity, the global economy faced multifarious challenges: (i) hit by the sub prime mortgage crisis in U.S in 2007, the international financial markets had been in turmoil, the impact of which was felt across markets and continents; (ii) rising global commodity prices, with crude oil and food staples prices skyrocketing; and (iii) a gradual slide in the U.S dollar against major currencies. Combination of these events induced a degree of recessionary tendencies and inflationary pressures across developed and developing countries. Policy-makers were gripped with the dual challenge of slowdown in growth and unprecedented rising inflationary pressures. The external current account deficit and fiscal deficit widened considerably to unsustainable level (8.4 and 7.4 percent of GDP). The subsidy payments worth Rs 407 billion by Government, which account for almost half of the fiscal deficit, shielded domestic consumers from high international POL and commodity prices and distorted the natural demand adjustment mechanism. While the government passed on price increase to consumers, the rising international oil and other importable prices continued to take a toll on the economy. Rising demand has cost the country dearly in terms of foreign exchange spent on importing large volumes of these commodities. Rising fiscal deficit and lower than required financing flows resulted in exceptional recourse of the Government to the highly inflationary central bank borrowing for financing deficit. At the same time the surge in imports persisted. As a result, inflation accelerated and its expectations strengthened due to pass through of international oil prices to the domestic market, increases in the electricity tariff and the general sales tax, and rising exchange rate depreciation. These developments resulted in a further rise in headline as well as core inflation (20 percent weighted trimmed measure) to 25 percent and 21.7 percent respectively in October 2008. Considering the size of macroeconomic imbalances and the emerging inflationary pressures, SBP remained committed to achieve price stability over the medium term and thus had to launch steeper monetary tightening to tame the demand pressures and restore macroeconomic stability in FY09. SBP thus increased the policy rate from 13.5 to 15 percent. Literature Review If inflation is considered as a monetary phenomenon then it is the responsibility of the central bank and the fiscal authorities to achieve price stability. If inflation is caused primarily by food price increases, it would appear that the Ministry of Agriculture should play a key role in containing inflation. Analysis of Money, Inflation and growth in Pakistan (Abdul Qayyum) shows that excess money supply growth has been an important contributor to the rise in inflation in Pakistan during the study period, the study used Correlation analysis with the Country of study being Pakistan. In my research I will try to find the correlation between the monetary assets and inflation, and determine whether the policy makers have been successful to use monetary assets as a measure to predict interest rates. Economic Growth, Inflation, and Monetary Policy in Pakistan: Preliminary Empirical Estimates AHMED M. KHALID*states the State Bank of Pakistanis also under pressure to discuss and design a policy that could provide a stable and sustainable economic growth as well as address the necessary conditions to be part of the global economy. Is Inflation in Pakistan a Monetary Phenomenon (M. ALI KEMAL) finds that an increase in money supply over the long-run results in higher rate of inflation and thus provides support for the quantity theory of money. It establishes that inflation is essentially a monetary phenomenon. However, the money supply does not instantly influence the price levels; the impact of money supply on inflation has a considerable lag of about 9 months. While the study shows that the money supply works through the system in less than a year, it also points out that the system takes rather long to converge to equilibrium if shocks appear in any of the three variables, viz., GDP, money supply, and prices. Primary objective of this research is to check the long-run relationship and short-run dynamics between the money and inflation. In the long run money supply impacts the inflation rates. QTM holds in the long Run, which implies that inflation is a monetary phenomenon. In the short run, the impact of money on inflation is not instant; it affects inflation with lags of about 3 quarters. In the long-run the relationship between money supply and price is very strong and their correlation is almost one. Lucas (1995) emphasized the long-term relationship between money and prices in his Nobel Prize lecture by mentioning McCandless and Weber (1995). Certainly in the long run, inflation is considered to be-as Friedman (1963) stated-always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. However, other authors have pointed to supply-side developments in explaining inflation. This structuralist school of thought holds that supply constraints that drive up prices of specific goods can have wider repercussions on the overall price level. In Pakistan, increases in the wheat support price have been blamed for inflation. As such, the question money or wheat is not merely academic, but has profound implications for economic policy. If inflation is a monetary phenomenon, it is the responsibility of the central bank and the fiscal authorities to achieve price stability. If inflation is caused primarily by wheat support price increases, it would appear that the Ministry of Agriculture should play a key role in containing inflation. In this paper, I would study the relationship between inflation and monetary expansion, to prove that it is not entirely a monetary phenomenon but it is affected by other factors as well. Data Sources and limitations The data covers the period 1950-2005 on a yearly basis. The choice of sample enables us to study the long run relationship between money supply and inflation and short run effects. The period covers the whole monetary policy stance under different rules, and then we also analyze it in periods of different economic growth. We use annual data from 1949-50 to 2004-2005 to investigate the relations between money and prices in Pakistan. The principal data source is 50 Years of Pakistan in Statistics; prepared by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. The other data sources include the regular issues of Economic Survey by Finance Division and Monthly Bulletin by State Bank. Before proceeding further, i would like to point out that the analysis is based on fifty years of Pakistan during which the country has undergone a series of economic and political changes. In particular, there have been significant improvements in the monetary sector as well as its impact on economy in the 1990s. Methodology The tests used will be Correlation Regression Graphical Analysis Model The model used would analyze the inflation against two variables of money supply monetary expansion and monetary assets. Money supply is considered as independent variable. Inflation is considered as dependent variable. Empirical Results Correlation test The correlation between monetary assets and inflation during entire 50 year periods has been as such For a perfect correlation the correlation coefficient should have been + 1 but in this case the correlation coefficient is coming out to be 0.034 which is very near to 0 which shows that the monetary policy is not being effective in predicting the rates of inflation. In the long run money supply is able to determine inflation but in short term it is determined much by the other factors of economy. The linear relationship between monetary assets and inflation is not that strong. There is small correlation which means in the long run it is effective but not in the short run. For effective monetary policy the correlation between money supply and inflation should be one but here the correlation is much less and is nearer to O. Regression Test between monetary assets and inflation This table displays R, R squared, adjusted R squared, and the standard error. R is the correlation between the observed and predicted values of the dependent variable. The values of R range from -1 to 1. The sign of R indicates the direction of the relationship (positive or negative). The absolute value of R indicates the strength, with larger absolute values indicating stronger relationships. R squared is the proportion of variation in the dependent variable explained by the regression model. The values of R squared range from 0 to 1. Small values indicate that the model does not fit the data well. Here the model doesnt fit the data well the R square is very small. The larger the F The larger the F (the smaller the p-value) the more of ys variation the line explained so the less likely H0 is true. We reject when the p-value The F statistic is the regression mean square (MSR) divided by the residual mean square (MSE). If the significance value of the F statistic is small (smaller than say 0.05) then the independent variables do a good job explaining the variation in the dependent variable. If the significance value of F is larger than 0.05 then the independent variables do not explain the variation in the dependent variable. Here the F value is greater that 0.05 which means it is not explaining the dependent variable. Inflation= 6.504 + 0.00* monetary assets The beta coefficient tells how strongly independent variable is related with dependent variable. R2 is a statistic that will give some information about the goodness of fit of a model. In regression, the R2 coefficient of determination is a statistical measure of how well the regression line approximates the real data points. An R2 of 1.0 indicates that the regression line perfectly fits the data. The variation explained by monetary assets in inflation is not much which tells us that the policy has not been that effective. The correlation between the monetary assets and the inflation has not been much significant. Monetary expansion and inflation has significant relationship and at times one determine the other this means that we have to accept hypothesis that it is a monetary phenomenon but add that it is affected by other factors as well like oil and food prices. Why Inflation is alarming and needs to be controlled High and persistent inflation is a regressive tax adversely impacting the poor and economic prospects. The poor hold few real assets or equity, and their savings are typically in the form of cash or low-interest bearing deposits; this group is most vulnerable to inflation as it erodes savings. Moreover, high and volatile inflation has been found to be detrimental to growth and financial sector development. High inflation obscures the role of relative price changes thus inhibiting optimal resource allocation. Inflation hurts growth once it exceeds a certain threshold. A number of empirical studies have established that the relationship between inflation and growth is nonlinear. At low levels of inflation, inflation has either no impact or a positive impact on growth. However, once inflation exceeds a certain threshold, it has an adverse impact on long-run growth. High inflation also inhibits financial development. Financial market institutions are intermediaries that reduce frictions between savers and investors (including adverse selection, moral hazard, or conflicting time preferences). Inflation makes this intermediation more costly because inflation tax lowers long-run real returns. As a result, credit is rationed and financial depth is reduced. As in the case of growth, there appears to be a threshold beyond which inflation adversely affects financial sector developments, while there are no negative effects at low levels of inflation. The adverse effect of inflation on financial development is one mechanism by which inflation can hurt growth. For example, Loayza and Ranciere (2005) find a positive long-run relationship between financial development and growth in a sample of 75 countries. In Pakistan, periods of low inflation are associated with high growth rates and vice versa. Between 1978 and 1991, inflation was 8 percent on average and real per capita growth averaged 3 percent. Between 1992 and 1997, inflation increased on average to 11 percent, while real per capita growth fell substantially and averaged only 1 percent. Finally, between 1998, inflation was reduced again to an average of 5 percent, and real per capita growth displayed a dramatic recovery. Of course, there are other factors that determine growth in the short-run and in the long-run [e.g. van Rooden (2005)]. Nonetheless, Pakistans growth performance has been best when inflation was contained to 8 percent or lower. Conclusion Hypothesis 1 Null Hypothesis: Monetary policy is effective in controlling inflation in Pakistan. Alternative Hypothesis: Monetary policy is not effective in controlling inflation in Pakistan. Result: Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Alternate Hypothesis. Hypothesis 2 Null Hypothesis: Inflation is a monetary phenomenon. Alternate Hypothesis: Inflation is not a monetary phenomenon. Result: We accept our hypothesis but add here that inflation in Pakistan is not entirely a monetary phenomenon, it is a monetary phenomenon in long run, but in short run it is affected by other factors as well like food and oil prices. The rejection of first hypothesis shows that there need to be steps taken by policy makers to combat the inflation rates. The empirical results presented in this paper show that monetary factors determine inflation in Pakistan. Broad money growth and private sector credit growth are the key variables that explain inflation developments with a lag of around 12 months. A long-run relationship exists between the CPI and private sector credit. The food price affects inflation in the short run, but not in the long run. Recommendations The following areas need attention and are key for effective monetary management. Effectiveness of monetary and fiscal coordination would be helpful. For effective analysis of developments and policy making, timely and quality information is extremely important. Information is not available with desired frequency and timeliness. Also there are concerns over the quality of data. Unlike many developed and developing countries, data on quarterly GDP, employment and wages, etc. is not available in case of Pakistan. Moreover, the data on key macroeconomic variables is usually available with substantial lags. This constrains an in-depth analysis of the current economic situation and evolving trends, and hinders the ability of the SBP to develop a forward-looking policy stance. Unlike many countries, both developed and developing, there is no prescribed limit on government borrowing from SBP. Borrowing from the central bank injects liquidity in the system through increased currency in circulation and deposits of the government with the banks. In both cases, the impact of tight monetary stance is diluted as this automatic creation of money increases money supply without any prior notice. Improve the effectiveness of monetary policy is to prohibit the practice of government borrowings from the SBP. Another issue is to make a clear distinction between exchange rate management and monetary management. It is impossible to pursue an independent monetary and exchange rate policy as well as allowing capital to move freely across the border. Since the SBP endeavors to achieve price stability through achieving monetary targets by changes in the policy rate, it is not possible to maintain exchange rates at some level with free capital mobility. This can only be achieved by putting complete restrictions on capital movements, which is not possible. SBPs responsibility is to ensure an environment where foreign exchange flows are driven by economic fundamental and are not mis-guided by rent seeking speculation. In conclusion, it is imperative that above steps be taken urgently. Over the period, however, this needs to be complemented with much deeper structural reforms to synchronize and reform the medium term planning for the budget and monetary policy formulation process. Several studies and technical assistance have provided extensive guidance in this area, but the lack of capacities and short term compulsions have often withheld such reforms. What is important is to recognize that a medium term development strategy, independently worked out, would help minimize one agency interest which has often been a source of coordination difficulties. It would also help the budget making process more rule based than the incrementally driven process to satisfy conflicting demands.

Unity And Diversity In The New Testament Religion Essay

Unity And Diversity In The New Testament Religion Essay The author of this article on Unity and Diversity in the New Testament, D. A. Carson, develops a reflection in defending the unity of the New Testament having in consideration the diversity of it. He starts his reflection by describing and then criticizing some works done by others scholars to be able to state his position on the matter. One of the works was the book Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity written by W. Bauer, which Carson strongly criticizes because of his abandonment of the New Testament based on disagreement of the existence of the first century church (66). According to Carson, this critical reconstruction of early church history, coupled with other developments that equally depreciate the truthfulness of the New Testament have generated a host of writings exploring the nature of New Testament theology (67). Carson proposes that systematic theology and biblical theology are necessary for the understanding of such unity in the New Testament even when there i s diversity. Contribution to the Idea of Doing Biblical Theology Carson defines biblical theology as the branch of theology whose concern it is to study each corpus of the Scripture in its own right, especially with respect to its place in history of Gods unfolding revelation (69). For him it is very important to his readers to know that biblical theology has played an important role in the development of the unity of the New Testament because of the historical facts that go with it. On the other hand, Carson defines systematic theology as the branch of theology that seeks to elaborate the whole and the parts of Scripture (69). In my analysis, I noticed that systematic theology has to do with logical instead of historical links. However, I also noticed that there is a connection between biblical theology and systematic theology. Carson asserted, biblical theology must be systematic; even if it focuses on the historical place and significance of each corpus; and systematic theology, if it turns on fair exegesis, must perforce rely on historical considerations (70). In my understanding, it seems that the author is emphasizing the need for unity in the New Testament to be able to apply either biblical or systematic theologies. In Carsons criticism, he cites the works of J.D.G. Dunn especially the kerigma of Jesus (72). Not only does Dunn develop the idea of the use of the kerigma but also the use of the Old Testament manuscripts, other worship concepts, and the study of the life of Christ. However, Dunn excludes the evidence in the Gospel of John. He eliminates the kerigma. He avoids discussing about this topic. On the other hand, Carson asserts that the factor that determines the unity of the New Testament is the person of Jesus as a man and Jesus as the glorified one and concludes that there was diversity among the Christians in the first century (72). He disagrees, as do I, about Dunns conclusion that Jesus was not, in His own teaching, the object of faith (74). No wonder Carson labels Dunns book as superficial (77). In spite of all of his criticism to Dunns works, the author switches viewpoints to discuss the importance of systematic theology in being coherent to the culture or context being studied. In this sense, he develops four positions to back up his statements. The first position is that the Scripture is faithful and historically testable (79). The second position is that the laws of logic help in the integration of knowledge and communication of the truth (80). The third position is that systematic theology requires documentation to deal with the Bible topics (81). The last position is that systematic theology needs to have biblical data including the sixty-six books of the canon (82). He also discusses the topic of diversity in the New Testament characterized by synthesizing the truth found in the Bible in contemporary terms (83), and the distinction of how a writer records and interpret that truth (84). In addition, the diversity also includes the own personal interests and ideologies of the writers, which means that two authors could be talking about the same topic but with different words and writing styles. Implications for My Ministry The author helped me to understand the differences between biblical and systematic theology and the importance in applying correct methodology when analyzing biblical texts. He showed me through this article that exegesis interacts with biblical theology; biblical theology interacts with historical theology; and historical theology interacts with systematic theology. All of them interact with each other. Another implication in my ministry is that I need to teach the Scripture and transmit to my congregation and youth group that it is trustworthy. In addition, I need to legitimize that there is harmony in both theologies, biblical and systematic theologies. This understanding will help me to have a better interpretation of biblical passages. Finally, something that I learned from D.A. Carson is to have a broad analysis and criticism about works of other authors in order to make the truth be revealed through the processes involved in systematic theology. This analysis will help me to think critically with the purpose of deciphering truth.

Fast Cars and a Clean Environment Essay -- Environmental Ethics Ethica

Fast Cars and a Clean Environment Many people would love the idea of having the fastest car ever or just having a speedy and sleek sports car to drive around for that matter. The idea of being able to â€Å"flex† the power of your car every time the light turns green make people long for a high-speed car. Many automakers are making faster and faster or cars with more horsepower for this demand. For instance, BMW’s E36 (1996- 1999) M3 models peaked at an amazing 234 horsepower and 226 pounds per feet of torque, but this wasn’t enough for many BMW enthusiasts. So in 2001 BMW came out with its E46 M3 model that housed an astonishing 333 horsepower and 270 pounds per feet of torque engine, which is an increase of almost 100 horsepower from the previous E36 M3 models. This dealt with the demands for faster cars (1). There is a great price for living out this dream. The earth’s already depleting supply of fossil fuel and damage to the environment, such as the ozone layer, is being further injure d from the combustion engines of cars. With the combination of more and more people learning about the environmental problems caused by combustion engines and the raised prices for gas caused by the huge demand for oil, automakers are now working on environmentally safe cars that consume less gas. Then why isn’t everyone driving an environmentally safe car right now if they know that they are killing the environment as they drive? One of the main reasons that many people have no intentions of ever purchasing these cars is simply because of the fact that these cars are known to have almost twice as less horsepower as an average car and therefore accelerate almost twice as slow. Many car enthusiasts, who love to drive fast cars, will have no reason... ...s_47915.asp 4.Karim Nice, How Fuel Cells Work, howstuffworks.com, 10 Nov. 2003, http://science.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm 5. Karim Nice, How Rotary Engines Work, howstuffworks.com, 10 Nov, 2003, http://auto.howstuffworks.com/rotary-engine1.htm 6. Roger Schreffler, Japan Carmakers Show Fuel Cell, H2 I.C. Concepts, Prototypes at Tokyo Motor Show, 2003, The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Letter, !7 Nov. 2003, http://www.hfcletter.com/letter/November03/ 7. California Clean Air Act Streamlining AB 3048 (Olberg), 2003,California Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Nov 2003, http://www.calepa.ca.gov/Legislation/1996/ab3048.htm 8. Clean Air--California's Successes and Future Challenges,2003,California Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Nov 2003, http://www.arb.ca.gov/ba/omb/50thfinal/tsld009.htm 9 . Dinan BMW, 10 Nov. 2003, http://dinancars.com/default.htm

Fly in Buttermilk Essay -- essays papers

Fly in Buttermilk James Baldwin is a very perceptive man and usually gets his point across pretty well. In his excerpt â€Å"A Fly in Buttermilk†, Baldwin discusses his encounter with a southern family. This family includes a young black male who is enrolled in an all white high school. He asks of the boy’s troubles and discusses his responses. For the very first words of this excerpt Baldwin states â€Å"You can take the child out of the country, but you can’t take the country out of the child.† This bases on the whole excerpt. For my own interpretation I took this as a self-reflection upon one own environment. I know personally from my own experiences that the environments in which I was raised in from my parents and friends to my living in a city and a suburb reflect my opinion of what others speak of. What you are accustomed to become the normal and what you are not accustomed to become the odd. For example, in this excerpt Baldwin talks to an old man of the south. Baldwin tells of how he has seen picture of people being hung in the south, but this old man has actually experienc...

Dalai Lama :: Essays Papers

Dalai Lama His Holiness, the XIVth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso was born in a small village called Takster in northeastern Tibet. Born to a peasant family, His Holiness was recognized at the age of two, in accordance with Tibetan tradition, as the reincarnation of his predecessor the 13th Dalai Lama. His enthronement ceremony took place on February 22, 1940 in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet. The Dalai Lamas are the manifestations of the Bodhisattva of Compassion, who chose to reincarnate to serve the people. Dalai Lama means Ocean of Wisdom. Tibetans normally refer to His Holiness as Yeshin Norbu, the Wish-fulfilling Gem, or simply, Kundun, meaning The Presence. Born Lhamo Dhondrub, he was, as Dalai Lama, renemaed Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso - Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate, Defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom. He began his education at the age of six and completed the Geshe Lharampa Degree (Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy) when he was 25. At 24, he took the preliminary examination at each of the three monastic universities: Drepung, Sera and Ganden. The final examination was held in the Jokhang, Lhasa, during the annual Monlam Festival of Prayer, held in the first month of every year. In the morning he was examined by 30 scholars on logic. In the afternoon, he debated with 15 scholars on the subject of the Middle Path, and in the evening, 35 scholars tested his knowledge of the canon of monastic discipline and the study of metaphysics. His Holiness passed the examinations with honors, conducted before a vast audience of monk scholars. In 1950, at age 16, His Holiness was called upon to assume full political power as head of State and Government when Tibet was threatened by the might of China. In 1954 he went to Peking to talk with Mao Tse-Tung and other Chinese leaders, including Chou En-Lai and Deng Xiaoping. In 1956, while visiting India to attend the 2500th Buddha Jayanti, he had a series of meetings with Prime Minister Nehru and Premier Chou about deteriorating conditions in Tibet. In 1959 he was forced into exile in India after the Chinese military occupation of Tibet. Since 1960 he has resided in Dharamsala, aptly known as "Little Lhasa", the seat of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. In the early years of exile, His Holiness appealed to the United Nations on the question of Tibet, resulting in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961 and 1965.

The case of walsall

IntroductionA literature reappraisal is research in the country subject which is gathered by surveies that already has been done in the capable country. It allows the apprehension of what sustainable rehabilitation is about and farther to derive more cognition on sustainable rehabilitation in de-industrialised metropoliss or towns and to place how it could perchance be improved. Additionally it is besides at that place to assist recognize and separate any countries of the chosen topic, which has non been acknowledged. This will be an chance to lend to bing consciousness in this subject country.Sustainability and Urban DevelopmentThe chosen country in which the literature reappraisal will concentrate on is sustainable rehabilitation in de-industrialised metropoliss. First, I would wish dressed ore on understanding the significance of sustainability. What is sustainability? Sustainability can be defined as or described as the quality of life/lifestyle in a community. It is the drawn-ou t being and use of planetary resources to maintain the environment in good form without endangering the hereafter of coevalss to come. Sustainability arises in three chief countries such as environmental facets, socio economic facets and economic system. Sustainability in environment focal points on the Earth ‘s natural environment. This facet of sustainability is directed at the betterments on the environment for better or worse. It besides focuses on the usage of natural resources. Additionally it is combined with the other two factors societal and economic facets. Social development normally refers to betterments in both single wellbeing and the overall societal public assistance, that result from additions in societal capital – typically, the accretion of capacity for persons and groups of people to work together to accomplish shared aims. Sustainable development should or ought to continue and heighten all utile capital stocks which include natural capital. However the saving of capacities of an person obtained through instruction and shared perceptive and values and socially held cognition are likewise of import. Reducing exposure and keeping the wellness ( i.e. , resiliency, energy and organisation ) of societal a nd cultural systems, and their ability to defy dazes, is of import. Enhancing human capital ( through instruction ) and beef uping societal values, establishments and equity will better the resiliency of societal systems and administration. Many such harmful alterations occur easy, and their long-run effects are overlooked in socio-economic analysis. ( Munasinghe 2007 ) Economic sustainability seeks to maximise the flow of income that could be generated while at least keeping the stock of assets ( or capital ) which yields this income. Yokels 1946 argued that people ‘s maximal sustainable ingestion is the sum that they can devour without impoverishing themselves. Addressing these three factors to better economic system, societal and environmental issues can non be addressed individually. The ground for this is because solutions to one job may take to a farther job in another. For illustration making or developing low-cost lodging can be a good cause nevertheless if the lodging is built far from workplaces or conveyance links it becomes a job which may take to an addition in vehicle use, pollution and traffic. Therefore to make a sustainable community all these links need to be taken into history with one another. The Brundtland Commission officially known as the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) was created to do people cognizant of and turn to the job affecting the diminution of the human environment and natural resources. ( Wikipedia, 2009 ) The committee was set up by the United Nations to look at the environmental issue which was known as the Brundtland study. This study came up with the term ‘Sustainable Development ‘ which is defined as: ‘Sustainable development is the development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands ‘ . ( WCED, 1987 ) Presumably this statement suggests that concentrating on current coevals groups to utilize resources which wo n't forestall future coevalss from populating their ain lives. Sustainable development is besides a fixed end of authorization and the general populace. The belief signifies a affair needed to be addressed for the hereafter in footings of public assistance and chances for future development. However the affair of sustainable development seems far from solved, particularly in this economic crisis where one time the handiness of capital for regeneration and reclamation is now non readily gettable. Urban growing was one of the most powerful and permeant geographical procedures impacting the western universe in the center of the 20th century, each twelvemonth the figure of people and occupations in the metropoliss rose and the major metropolitan Centres consolidated and enhanced their portion of national population and economic activity. Growth farther occurred in areal footings as metropoliss expanded their suburbs into the environing countryside. Conversely, small towns and little towns had small locational entreaty both for residential intents and for industry, so that extended rural countries were characterised by stagnancy and diminution. Established metropoliss throughout the western universe are losing population and occupations as the balance of societal and economic chance has moved off from metropoliss and in favor of rural countries. There are many factors today that are indexs of impairment such as interior urban decay, offense, unemployment. These indexs are of societal economic, political and fiscal cloth of the metropolis to make a de-industrialised metropolis. The economic crisis of today will impact the sustainability program. However there might be positive results of this crisis directed to green companies as they can take the chance to utilize the media as a manner of demoing the public new schemes of going more ‘sustainable ‘ . This manner of thought could perchance ‘restore a grade of public assurance in a private sector that has seen its credibleness take a terrible banging in recent months. Therefore, foregrounding long-run environmental considerations is crucially of import. It may be said that this is merely showing merely a little grade of the economical crisis of how it affects sustainable factors, nevertheless John Whalley from The Centre for International Governance Innovation ( CIGI ) suggests that holding a balance between both Environmental aims and economic aims is of import during this fiscal crisis. Therefore looking at both facets of the fiscal crisis could perchance help today ‘s sustainable development in metropoliss under the economic lag. The economic recession easy slipped up at the beginning of the twelvemonth 2008 which has now turned into a drawn-out period. ( Coaffee 2009 ) states that the finance available for regeneration is likely to be significantly curtailed, at least from traditional beginnings, with many semi- completed regeneration strategies mothballed. Therefore Coaffee 2009 suggests besides that this twelvemonth capital for regeneration is likely to be restricted in usage particularly with traditional beginnings nevertheless big scale regeneration undertakings have non been put to a arrest but been slowed down possibly to happen thought through solutions to last the economic downswing. Although the CIGI believe that maintaining both elements of economic and fiscal aims in head is indispensable at this clip.Sustainable Rehabilitation and Urban RenewalSustainable rehabilitation focuses on the ‘treatment ‘ of towns or metropoliss which were extremely developed with industry how are no longer lasting. In add-on the demand to better economic growing is important to run into the demands of societal and environmental elements. In the issue of Urban Studies in 2006 provinces that it is hard to specify with lucidity what urban resurgence. ( Governa, 2009 ) The common component that links together the assorted significances is t hat the urban revival is defined against, in resistance to a period of diminution. For many old ages within Europe, metropoliss were identified as the topographic points typically confronting the greatest economic and societal jobs ( Turok and Mykhnenko, 2007 ) . Nevertheless metropoliss at the same time strive to accommodate economic growing, dynamism and creativeness with the ugly apparition of societal and spacial exclusion and increasing degrees of segregation and inequality. This statement suggests that metropoliss make every attempt to decide economic growing and activity with the unpleasant factor of societal segregation and favoritism but besides with the bar of infinite. Possibly it indicates that metropoliss are seeking to better the competition they have with each other but at the same clip they are seeking to run into the societal and environmental demands they face. In contrast Turok ‘s and Mykhnenko ‘s position now suggests that metropoliss are presently seen as ‘drivers of invention, creativeness and productiveness growing in advanced service- oriented economic sciences ‘ . ( Turok and Mykhnenko, 2008 ) Therefore Turok and Mykhnenko ‘s statement identify that invention and advanced communications are primary motivations of today ‘s metropoliss enabling people and to work together, making an active metropolis that drives creativeness, draws nomadic capital and ability, and signifiers enlargement from within. Additionally metropoliss are besides thought to incorporate the cultural verve, societal substructure, consumer comfortss and calling picks to assist parts and states attract the accomplishments and endowment required to bring forth and work cognition and thereby construct dynamic competitory advantage ( HM Treasury 2006, OECD 2006 ) . When new towns are developed or built, they are normally thoughtfully designed to be close or in propinquity of bing or neighboring metropoliss and towns. This so enables the periphery or boundary line of the new towns to unify with the bing towns and metropoliss. Additionally transport links set up connexions between the metropoliss or towns doing the land more popular to develop increasing the stretch of land. Urban decay seems to be a natural effect of the growing of a metropolis. Khakis statement straight concerns the decay of metropoliss to be a natural consequence. However there might be a figure of factors which cause metropoliss to disintegrate. Possibly facets such as forsaking of edifice, high rate of unemployment, offense, depopulation and many others can do this issue to distribute over a metropolis or town. Urban reclamation is a process which occurs by worsening constructions which are enhanced or bettered through a assortment of technique which range from constructing modernization to redevelopment and renovating. Through comprehensive and incorporate vision and action, urban reclamation purposes to decide urban jobs and convey about an digesting betterment in the economic, physical, societal and environmental conditions of a spoilt country which has been capable to alter. The reinforced environment is a merchandise of an incremental decision-making procedure. Rehabilitation, nevertheless, offers a cheaper, quicker and less socially upseting option to better the quality of constructing stock. From the environmental position, rehabilitation is a more sustainable attack to urban reclamation because rehabilitation generates less building and destruction waste compared with renovation. An illustration of a metropolis which has faced both diminution and reclamation is Glasgow. The metropolis suffered from the Post World War I recession and besides faced the ‘Great Depression ‘ . This was a period during the 1930 ‘s where the full universe suffered from terrible economic depression. Although the metropolis faced these issues it improved by the epidemic of World War II. Glasgow had a deficiency of investing and invention which of course led to these factors to turn overseas such as Japan. This resulted in Glasgow to come in a long period of economic diminution and ‘de-industrialisation ‘ . When something every bit terrible as this affects a metropolis it leads to high degrees of unemployment, urban decay and a major lessening in population. In Western Europe, where land is much less in supply and urban countries are by and large recognised as the drivers of the new information and service economic systems, urban regeneration has become an industry in itself, with 100s of bureaus and charities set up to undertake the issue. European metropoliss have the benefit of historical organic development forms already concurrent to the New Urbanist theoretical account, and although derelict, most metropoliss have attractive historical quarters and edifices ripe for renovation. In the suburban estates and metropoliss, the solution is frequently more drastic, with 1960s and 70s province lodging undertakings being wholly demolished and rebuilt in a more traditional European urban manner, with a mix of lodging types, sizes, monetary values, and term of offices, every bit good as a mix of other utilizations such as retail or commercial. One of the best illustrations of this is in Hulme, Manchester, which was cleared of 19th-century lod ging in the 1950s to do manner for a big estate of tower block flats. During the 1990s, it was cleared once more to do manner for new development built along new urbanist lines.Causes of DeclineMost surveies of urban alteration, decay or diminution dressed ore on the effects of urban transmutation instead than their implicit in causes. The terminal consequence is that most theories of urban alteration provide merely a partial penetration into what is a complex procedure. ( Roberts 2000 ) Robert indicates that urban alteration or diminution has merely been researched to a grade nevertheless it is a really complex subject country and process. He besides indentifies that the research done stresses ‘negative demographic and societal tendencies and the causal function of economic factors peculiarly industrial restructuring in chase of maximizing returns including deindustrialisation, globalization and economic concentration as forces for economic structural alteration and the jobs of accommodating to new demands of economic activities and factor restraints ( including handiness of land and edifices ) . ‘ The manner metropoliss and towns are involved economic structural alteration vary. The local economic system and economical construction of the town is normally governed by big concerns. Depending on how advanced or ‘new ‘ the merchandise of the concern is, invention plays an of import portion. This is because if the occupation type requires a high skilled individual to work, this usually leads to a lower local economic system as non everyone has the accomplishments needed for the occupation. Therefore the big graduated table industries are the concerns to confront the largest possibility of economic diminution which leads to de-industrialisation.Urban RegenerationUrban Regeneration is besides referred to as Urban Renewal transpires when the societal, economic and physical features of ignored countries have been improved and reconstructed utilizing a scheme which will be after to better an country. A typical regeneration development is usually lodging developments, dock s ide or waterside development undertakings. Urban Regeneration non merely focuses on the physical side on the country but besides embarks upon the societal and economic issues present every bit good. However Urban Regeneration undertakings require extended fiscal input from both public and private sectors. Lang 2005 believes that ‘Urban Regeneration implies an incorporate position on jobs, potencies, schemes and undertakings within the societal, environmental, cultural and economic domain. This statement shows that Lang assumes that these factors which are incorporated with Urban Regeneration are societal, environmental and economic factors. These factors are likewise driven by Sustainability every bit good. Furthermore Roberts 2000 defines Urban Regeneration as a ‘ comprehensive and incorporate vision and action which leads to the declaration of urban jobs and which seeks to convey about a permanent betterment in the economic, physical, societal and environmental status of an country that has been capable to alter ‘ . However the official definition of Regeneration from the Office of Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) is: ‘the holistic procedure of change by reversaling economic sciences, societal and physical decay in countries where it has reached a phase when market forces entirely will non do ‘ . ( ODPM 2003 ) Therefore regeneration signifiers portion of one of the three countries of legal act. This is now where Urban Regeneration moves off from reclamation, development and revival. Robert 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration implies that all attacks should be constructed with a longer-term, more strategic intent in head ‘ . Therefore there should be a strategic docket to why the regeneration should take topographic point which are seen as cardinal characteristics. There is another definition described by Couch and Fraser 2003 who explain that ‘Urban Regeneration is concerned with in re-growth of economic activity where it has been lost ; the Restoration of societal map where there has been disfunction, or societal inclusion where there has been exclusion ; and the Restoration of environmental quality or ecological balance where it has been lost ‘ . This mentality would possibly work where there is vacant or creaky land in which new edifice could be built nevertheless Urban Regeneration is about using schemes in bing countries instead than making new towns and metropoliss. This could so accommodate the three factors of sustainability, a demand to societal, economic and environmental issues. Understanding the intent of Urban Regeneration in the UK, one needs to understand the policies which are set in the UK. ‘Regeneration is seen as a measure frontward from the commercial manner of the renovation policy in the 1980 ‘s, where the Conservative authorities has consciously imitated the American scheme of trusting on private market mechanisms instead than upon public intercession to revitalize its metropoliss and urban countries. ‘ ( Parkinson, Judd 1988 ) Roberts 2000 believes that ‘Urban Regeneration can be delivered as a comprehensive and incorporate vision and action which leads to the declaration of urban jobs and which seeks to convey about a permanent betterments in the economic, physical, societal and environmental status of an country that has been capable to alter ‘ . Therefore the three chief points that involve regeneration are the economic, societal and environmental province of an country. However the inquiry is what is economic, societal and environmental decay? Urban regeneration follows through and beyond the procedure of physical alteration, urban development and urban revival. Roberts 2000 believes that Urban Regeneration implies that ‘all attacks should be constructed with a longer term, more strategic intent in head ‘ significance that when planning or edifice methods to develop regeneration, it is of import to maintain in head a more tactical intent where the long term effects are positive. Neighborhood Renewal aims to better the quality of life for those life in the most deprived countries by undertaking, Poor occupation chances, High offense degrees, Educational under-achievement, hapless wellness and jobs with lodging and their local environment. ( Communities and Local Government UK ) The poorest of vicinities are faced with or more likely to endure with sick wellness, offense and even unemployment. Therefore Neighborhood reclamation is to gyrate out of the decay and convey back life into the community. It is about working from the grassroots to present economic prosperity and occupations, safer communities, good instruction, nice lodging, improved physical environment and better wellness, every bit good as furthering a sense of community among occupants. ‘ ( Communities and Local Government 2007 ) Poverty has become more concentrated in single vicinities and estates than earlier, and the societal exclusion of these vicinities has become more pronounced. ( Social Exclusion Unit 2000 ) Deprivation besides works against attempts to resuscitate metropoliss and protect the countryside from development. Poor services undermine religion in the political procedure. And there is an consequence on societal coherence as immature people and people from cultural minorities are both disproportionately likely to populate in disadvantaged vicinities ( people from cultural minorities are over-represented quadruple ) . ( Social Exclusion Unit 2000 ) .Therefore the attempts to resuscitate a metropolis or country can besides do want. Poor installations and aid can take to peoples trust in the political system weak and deteriorate. Neighbourhood reclamation is about linking communities together. Regeneration has become a tool applied to about all urban countries in the UK, speed uping in the past decennary in analogue to bust growing in the belongings market. ( Urban Regeneration in the UK ) The craze of edifice in the UK towns and metropoliss is non merely a merchandise of economic growing, but reflects broader demographic displacements with in the UK population. Peoples are populating longer than of all time before and at the other terminal of the age graduated table, people are waiting longer to hold kids, both of which mean a lessening in mean family size which, combined with turning population, means that the figure of families is progressively rapid. As a consequence, the figure of families in England entirely is predicted to lift from merely over 21 million in 2004 to about 26.5 million in 2029 with 70 % of that addition taking the signifier of one individual families. ( Communities and Local Government, 2007 )Culture- led regeneration and instance surveyCulture- led regeneration undertakings are involved with the societal public assistance and the reclamation of communities associating public art and cultural development. However since the 1980s, a figure of loca l governments have adopted some signifier of per centum for art strategy, whereby all new edifices incorporate a quota of graphics. Public graphics has impacted and attracted many visitants which have become portion of the tourer and heritage industry. Regeneration through art truly works, but we will necessitate to look at it in 20 old ages clip to judge it. ( Peter Jenkinson ) The true regeneration is the regeneration of local people ‘s Black Marias and heads. ( David March, and Peter Jenkinson, Director of New Art Gallery, Walsall ) This type of regeneration or activity might be the design and building ( or re-use ) of a edifices for public or concern usage ( e.g. Baltic and Sage Music Centre in Gateshead, Tate Modern and Peckham Library in Southwark ; the renewal of unfastened infinite ( e.g. Gateshead, Liverpool, etc ) Culture-led regeneration can be understood as the usage of cultural undertakings to revitalize economically down metropoliss and parts. ( Middleton and Freestone 2008 ) Culture-led regeneration has been used extensively around Europe ( Gomez 1998 ; Keating and De Frantz, 2004 ; Miles, 2005 ) Examples of Culture-led Regeneration in the UK consist of the Tate Modern and Renzo Piano ‘s ‘Shard of Glass ‘ on the London Docklands, the Millennium Galleries and Winter Garden in Sheffield and renovation of Salford Quays. There has been adequate grounds to demo that many cultural-led regeneration programmes have been unsuccessful. Glasgow is frequently mentioned as a premier illustration. Jenkins 2005 provinces that the metropolis used its position as European Capital of Culture 1990 to conceal its working category heritage and socialist history doing bitterness and ill will amongst many dwellers. Doucet ( 2007 ) besides suggests that cultural regeneration can meet jobs if it is non supported by occupants, peculiarly those with a strong sense of local individuality. One survey which was based around cultural-led Regeneration was taken on Newcastle Gateshead strategy. The councils of Newcastle worked together to advance cultural selling to take to put Newcastle Gateshead as a top European finish for leisure, concern and touristry to make a new individuality for Tyneside and the wider part. During this period of culture-led regeneration the facets of the night-time economic system which promote the societal ingestion of intoxicant have been marginalised. Indeed some local politicians have publically condemned Newcastle ‘s image as a ‘Party City ‘ saying jobs with wellness, offense and intoxicant related upset. Writing in the Newcastle Evening Chronicle in February 2008 ( p. 45 ) , Coun. John Shipley stated that: The image of Newcastle as holding an flushing economic system based on intoxicant ingestion should be a thing of the yesteryear†¦ it ‘s really of import we create a caf & A ; eacute ; -style civilization†¦ we are seeking to alter Newcastle ‘s image to one that is inclusive for everyone. The acceptance of such schemes in Newcastle and Gateshead can be seen as a clear effort to travel off from the part ‘s propertyless industrial image and make a new cosmopolite, international individuality rich in civilization, scientific discipline and engineering. Even the NewcastleGateshead ‘s failed command for European Capital of Culture 2008 has done small to decelerate the gait of alteration and degree of investing in cultural undertakings throughout the part. During the method of this instance analyze the attack taken to carry on consequences was a quantitative method. Fifty-two interviews were carried out with members from all four boroughs of Gateshead, Newcastle, North Tyneside and South Tyneside. The interviews remained informal but really structured focussing on the research subject. Their chief research inquiry was based around:The altering nature of the socio-economic landscape of Tyneside.The individuality of parts and how it has changed over the old agesand thirdly The sentiments on recent cultural and scientific developmentsRespondents clearly felt that culture-led regeneration developments had a narrow focal point on a professional middle-income, middle-class demographic, hence excepting a big proportion of lower-income people from the part. In this context they did non see culture-led regeneration as profiting them in any manner and that culture-led regeneration efficaciously existed for other people, a position similar to tha t proposed by Peter Eisinger ‘s ( 2000 ) in his survey of metropoliss in the US. Peoples may hold developments taking topographic point in their metropolis under culture-led regeneration strategies, but do non needfully experience that they benefit anything from this. Whilst Miles ( 2004 ) believes that Newcastle and Gateshead provides the environment for the cultural events and developments to sit merrily alongside the traditional dark clip economic system, this research suggests that this is non needfully the instance. Local dwellers with a strong sense of local individuality are going progressively disenfranchised with cultural developments and, as experienced in Glasgow, may good go more vocal in their unfavorable judgments. Miles, S. ( 2004 ) ‘NewcatleGateshead Quayside: Cultural investing and individualities of opposition ‘ , Capital & A ; Class, 81, pp.183-189.

Country Lovers Essay

The farm children play together when they are small; but once the white children go away to school they soon don’t play together any more, even in the holidays. Although most of the black children get some sort of schooling, they drop every year farther behind the grades passed by the white children; the childish vocabulary, the child’s exploration of the adventurous possibilities of dam, koppies, mealie lands and veld—there comes a time when the white children have surpassed these with the vocabulary of boarding-school and the possibilities of interschool sports matches and the kind of adventures seen at the cinema. This usefully coincides with the age of twelve or thirteen; so that by the time early adolescence is reached, the black children are making, along with the bodily changes common to all, an easy transition to adult forms of address, beginning to call their old playmates missus and baasie—little master. The trouble was Paulus Eysendyck did not s eem to realize that Thebedi was now simply one of the crowd of farm children down at the kraal, recognizable in his sisters’ old clothes. The first Christmas holidays after he had gone to boardingschool he brought home for Thebedi a painted box he had made in his wood-work class. He had to give it to her secretly because he had nothing for the other children at the kraal. And she gave him, before he went back to school, a bracelet she had made of thin brass wire and the grey-and-white beans of the castor-oil crop his father cultivated. (When they used to play together, she was the one who had taught Paulus how to make clay oxen for their toy spans.) There was a craze, even in the platteland towns like the one where he was at school, for boys to wear elephant-hair and other bracelets beside their watch-straps; his was admired, friends asked him to get similar ones for them. He said the natives made them on his father’s farm and he would try. When he was fifteen, six feet tall, and tramping round at school dances with the girls from the ‘sister’ school in the same town; when he had learnt how to tease and flirt and fondle quite intimately these girls who were the daughters of prosperous farmers like his father; when he had even met one who, at a wedding he had attended with his parents on a nearby farm, had let him do with her in a locked storeroom what people did when they made love—when he was as far from his childhood as all this, he still brought home from a shop in town a red plastic belt and gilt hoop ear-rings for the black girl, Thebedi. She told her father the missus had given these to her as a reward for some work she had done—it was true she sometimes was called to help out in the farmhouse. She told the girls in the kraal that she had a sweetheart nobody knew about, far away, away on another farm, and they giggled, and teased, and admired her. There was a boy in the kraal called Njabulo who said he wished he could have bought her a belt and ear-rings. When the farmer’s son was home for the holidays she wandered far from the kraal and her companions. He went for walks alone. They had not arranged this; it was an urge each followed independently. He knew it was she, from a long way off. She knew that his dog would not bark at her. Down at the dried-up river-bed where five or six years ago the children had caught a leguaan one great day—a creature that combined ideally the size and ferocious aspect of the crocodile with the n an interview published in Women Writers Talk (1989), edited by Olga Kenyan, Nadine Gordimer had this to say about the political evolution of South Africa: [TJhere are some extraordinary black and white people who are prepared to take a Pascalian wager on the fact that there is a way, that there must be a way. It goes be’ yond polarisation, it cannot happen while the situation is what it is. It can only be after the power structure has changed. But the fact is that if whites want to go on living in South Africa, they have to change. It’s not a matter of just letting blacks in— white life is already dead, over. The big question is, given the kind of conditioning we’ve had for 300 years, is it possible to strike that down and make a common culture with the blacks? Since 1953, when she published her first novel, The Lying Days, Nadine Gordimer has been aligned with the liberal white consciousness of South Africa. She was born in the Transvaal in 1923. Her father was a shopkeeper, her mother a housewife. A childhood illness kept Gordimer out of school until she was 14, by which time she was already an avid reader. By 15 she had published her first short story. It was not until she was somewhat older that she became aware of the South African political situation, and it was not until she was 30 that her first novel was published. Beginning with A World of Strangers (1958), Gordimer’s novels focus directly on the South African racial situation. The most famous of these works include A Guest of Honor (1970), The Conservationist (1974), Burger’s Daughter (1979), July’s People (1981), A Sport of Nature (1987), My Son’s Story (1990), None to Accompany Me (1994), and The House Gun (1998). Gordimer has also published 10 volumes of short stories, as well as several volumes o/non/iction. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1991. Asked by Olga Kenyan what it means to be a white South African, Gordimer responded as follows: You have to shout that you support change. In my case that you support a complete revolution, if possible a peaceful one. I use revolution in a broad sense, a complete change of the whole political organisation, from grass roots. It’s not enough for a white to say â€Å"Right, I’ll be prepared to live under black majority rule,† and sit back, waiting for it to come. Yow.also have to work positively, in whatever way you can, as a human being.

The Heroic Journey of Aladdin: the Diamond in the Rough

The same hero wearing a different mask appears throughout great literature and films. The â€Å"hero’s journey† motif, as Joseph Campbell, the acclaimed American mythology professor and famous author identified, has been present in all cultures since the first documented stories. From Odysseus and the other great figures of the ancient Greek myths to the more modern character of Frodo in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, the audience essentially accompanies the same hero throughout a series of stages and obstacles that compose the original heroic journey.The hero’s journey can be particularly followed in the various animated Disney films that give existence to some of the most loved heroes of all time. For instance, the successful film, Aladdin, released in 1992 and directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, brings to the public the interesting journey of a young man on a quest to find himself. The character of Aladdin fits the profile of the hero as he embarks in th e hero’s journey unintentionally but proves to have undergone a complete maturation of character while attaining valuable insight about his true nature and worth by the end of the adventure.The film Aladdin narrates the emotive love story of a poor young man who falls in love with the beautiful princess Jasmine and begins a meaningful journey to conquer her love. Aladdin, a â€Å"street rat,† as he is often called by those who know him, is a true â€Å"diamond in the rough, whose worth lies far within† that has great potential but has not been given the opportunity to shine yet (Clements, Musker). Because of this reason, he is the only one who can enter the Cave of Wonders.He does so to retrieve a magic lamp for Jafar, the Sultan’s evil vizier. This event initiates the departure of the hero’s journey as Aladdin’s encounter with Jafar disguised as an old prisoner signifies the call to adventure. Even though Aladdin is not aware that this is t he beginning of his journey, from this point on everything will change. The young man becomes trapped inside the cave with his inseparable pet monkey, Abu, where they encounter one of two supernatural aids, a magical carpet that becomes their close friend.Inside the cave they also find the lamp and its friendly magical inhabitant, the Genie, the most important supernatural aid, who also becomes Aladdin’s essential guide. The moment Aladdin makes the first wish out of the three the Genie grants him; he crosses the first threshold. Simultaneously, he enters the belly of the whale since from this point on Aladdin abandons the life of poverty and crime, which he is accustomed to for a life of wealth and royalty. This begins his adventure into new territory as playing prince becomes more complex than expected.At first Aladdin embarks in the heroic journey’s initiation merely for the material rewards and the opportunity to abandon his difficult life in the streets of Agrabah , but along the way he learns to appreciate his true self and comes to fit Campbell’s prototype of the hero. Aladdin’s objective for going on the journey is to win the heart of Jasmine, who he has deeply fallen in love with since their first encounter at the marketplace or the meeting with the goddess. The love Aladdin and Jasmine share motivates him to begin and continue on the journey in hopes of marrying her.Once Aladdin has already initiated the journey, the evil Jafar becomes â€Å"the woman as temptress† in his life. Jafar continues to place obstacles in Aladdin’s path physically by: first trying to kill him in the Cave of Wonders, then by attempting to drown him in order to stop him from courting Jasmine as Prince Ali, and finally attempting to murder him as a giant cobra. Most importantly, Jafar psychologically tempts Aladdin to give up several times and interferes with his mental quest by recurrently making degrading comments that obstruct Aladdi n’s ability to recognize his strength and value.The initiation phase in Aladdin continues with the atonement with the father. In this step, Aladdin has an argument with the Genie, who has become a mentor, much like a father figure. The Genie criticizes Aladdin’s change in character. He feels that Aladdin’s transformation into Prince Ali has altered his personality. Aladdin has become arrogant and selfish. This argument results in Aladdin’s realization and reawakening of his true self as he recognizes he must stay true to his convictions. This epiphany allows Aladdin’s true self to focus on the ultimate boon, which is marrying Princess Jasmine, what he originally begins his journey for.Aladdin concludes his journey with the return, which successfully brings him to the freedom to live. Aladdin experiences the refusal of the return earlier in the story when he lets his insecurity overcome him. After he has had the chance to experience life as Prince A li, Aladdin says, â€Å"the last thing I want to be now, is be myself† (Clements, Musker). He refuses to return to his normal life where the Genie cannot wish all his troubles away. The Genie is also an important part of the rescue form without stage in Aladdin’s journey. At this point Aladdin’s vulnerability as well as the Genie’s appreciation for him are evident.Aladdin is captured by Jafar and thrown in to the bottom of the river with a rock tied to his feet. Without the Genie’s aid this would have been the end of the hero’s journey. Most importantly soon after this incident the Genie rescues Aladdin from himself and his selfishness when he makes him realize that he is only concerned about his own well being. Finally, Aladdin’s quest ends with his attainment of the freedom to live. By this point the young hero has learned to accept himself and is willing to renounce to his own happiness for the joy of others.The protagonist of Alad din experiences the many stages of the hero’s journey in order to realize his true potential as well as come full circle in terms of character. In the beginning of the film, the viewer meets Aladdin and can immediately recognize his innate good nature. Early on in the movie, Aladdin’s generosity and compassion become evident when he gives up his only meal of the day to two poor children he finds rummaging though the garbage for something to eat. Not late after this, he saves the same two children from Prince Achmed’s whip.At this point, Aladdin does not realize his worth and this is why he must â€Å"take off on a series of adventures beyond the ordinary to discover some life giving elixir† (Campbell 127). The life giving elixir, as Campbell puts it in The Power of Myth, is Aladdin’s realization of his self worth, which becomes essential for his happiness. The journey tests Aladdin’s physical abilities numerous times, but it is from the psyc hological trials that Aladdin gains the most insight. Aladdin’s experiences along the journey affect his good character but eventually lead him to the ultimate level of maturity.Before going on the quest Aladdin does not know himself, and thus, â€Å"he is that mystery which he is seeking to know† (Campbell 15). However, Aladdin is not successful in staying true to his nature along the journey. Aladdin becomes caught up in the life of luxury and comfort that the Genie grants him. He begins to live in a lie and adopt an arrogant and selfish attitude. Aladdin had promised the Genie earlier that he would utilize his third wish to free him from his life as the lamp’s slave, however he becomes unable to stay true to that romise because of his selfishness and insecurity. He is afraid to be himself and feels he needs the Genie to maintain the fantasy life he has created. This is why the hero’s journey ultimately represents the â€Å"pattern of life, growth, and experience† (Harris) for Aladdin. The journey serves as a revelation for accepting one’s self and renouncing to one’s own satisfaction for the interest of others. As Aladdin follows the steps in Campbell’s hero’s journey, he ends the adventure by reaching the ultimate realization.The tale comes full circle as the journey polishes the diamond in the rough that embarked on the journey to produce a man who is aware of his potential and utilizes it for the benefit of others. At the end of the story, Aladdin’s complete maturation of character becomes undeniable as he gives up his happiness by renouncing his third wish to marry Jasmine for the Genie’s freedom. Of course, Disney could not end the adventure with the young man’s disillusionment, the Sultan changes the law, and Aladdin is able to marry the Princess because of his merit.